First Diwali

KarvaChaut

Phir se bolo - Jai Mata Di

Jai Mata Di Kahete jao.

Jaikara Sherawali Ka

Jai Mata di

Maa tere darbar me mein phir se aaunga.
akela nahi parviar ka saath aaunga. Jai Mata di kahta aaunga.

Jai Mata di

Jor Se Bolo Jai Mata di
Bolo sachhe Darbar ki Jai
Jaikara sherawali Ka, Bol Sache darbaar ki Jai

Manoj Preeti and Shimla together once again

Shimla Photo

Rakhi Poems

Rakhi Poems
Heart touching collection of affectionate Rakhi Poems for Brothers and Sisters! These Rakhi Poetry will make you feel the essence of Rakhi Festival for brothers and sisters in India. Send these Rakhi Poem to your brother or sister on Raksha Bandhan to make them feel special and loved.

Rakhi Poem No. 1

Rakhi Day is Righteous Day
by
President of India
A.P.J.Abdul Kalam





This full moon day our hearts are in brim
Feeling of faith and serenity in mind.
We light the lamps and our hears glow
Radiance of happiness and peace are in flow.
Harmonious homes are like streams of joy
Flowing and flourishing the landscape en route.
Nobility in heart and character in deed
Righteous homes alone make a beautiful State.
Sisters will tie the thread on the brothers
Abiding them to do only what is right and clean.
Put the Kumkum and blessed rice on the head
Where will dwell right thoughts and noble action.

Rakhi Poem No. 2

Here's To My Brother

Here's to my brother
Remember every day
No matter what I've said
Here's what I'd like to say
I will always love you
Be with you till the end
When no one else is around
I will be your friend
I love my brother
and I always will
I'm proud to be your brother
that's how I feel
And someday when we're far away
And the miles keep us apart
I'm gonna whisper
I love my brother
And you'll know it in your heart

Rakhi Poem No. 3

A Brother Just Like You

I just want to let you know
You mean the world to me
Only a heart as dear as yours
Would give so unselfishly

The many things you've done
All the times that you were there
Help me know deep down inside
How much you really care

Even though I might not say
I appreciate all you do
Richly blessed is how I feel
Having a brother just like you.

Rakhi Poem No. 4

Rakhi ke is pavitra taar sa
bandhan hai ye prem bhaav ka

ek ek doar mein lipta pyar
tumse hi khilta sansaar

sneh tumhara babul jaisa
usi jal se mujhe hai seencha

bachpan ki woh bheeni smriti
umhari khatti meethi prakrati

baat baat par tumhara jhirakna
phir woh roothna aur manana

apne naam ko sarthak karte
Rajeev ki tarah hi sadaa tum khilte

ishwar ki rahe sadaa dayaa
mere saath rahe yeh saaya

rakshabandhan ke paawan parv par
aur kya doon is ashish key siwa

Rakhi Poem No. 5

A Sister Like You

Someone who will understand
Who knows the way I feel
In every situation
Her concern is very real

Someone who has walked my ways
Who knows my every need
Times when she would see me cry
Her heart would nearly bleed

Everyone should have a sister
Just the way I do
Richly blessed is what I am
To have a sister like you
A Sister is Forever
by Bruce B. Wilmer

A sister's a sister forever,
A bond that diminishes never,
A friend who is kindly and caring,
A sibling God chooses for sharing.
Few ties as deep and profound
And with so much affection abound
Though some thoughts are seldom expressed
Love endures and survives every test.
Of the constants that rest in the heart,
A sister's a primary part.
She'll always be there when you need her-
You listen, you value, you heed her.
As growth, independence you ponder,
Your feelings grow deeper and fonder;
And life tells you one thing that is true:
A sister's a large part of you.

Rakhi Poems

Rakhi Poems
Heart touching collection of affectionate Rakhi Poems for Brothers and Sisters! These Rakhi Poetry will make you feel the essence of Rakhi Festival for brothers and sisters in India. Send these Rakhi Poem to your brother or sister on Raksha Bandhan to make them feel special and loved.

Rakhi Poem No. 1

Rakhi Day is Righteous Day
by
President of India
A.P.J.Abdul Kalam





This full moon day our hearts are in brim
Feeling of faith and serenity in mind.
We light the lamps and our hears glow
Radiance of happiness and peace are in flow.
Harmonious homes are like streams of joy
Flowing and flourishing the landscape en route.
Nobility in heart and character in deed
Righteous homes alone make a beautiful State.
Sisters will tie the thread on the brothers
Abiding them to do only what is right and clean.
Put the Kumkum and blessed rice on the head
Where will dwell right thoughts and noble action.

Rakhi Poem No. 2

Here's To My Brother

Here's to my brother
Remember every day
No matter what I've said
Here's what I'd like to say
I will always love you
Be with you till the end
When no one else is around
I will be your friend
I love my brother
and I always will
I'm proud to be your brother
that's how I feel
And someday when we're far away
And the miles keep us apart
I'm gonna whisper
I love my brother
And you'll know it in your heart

Rakhi Poem No. 3

A Brother Just Like You

I just want to let you know
You mean the world to me
Only a heart as dear as yours
Would give so unselfishly

The many things you've done
All the times that you were there
Help me know deep down inside
How much you really care

Even though I might not say
I appreciate all you do
Richly blessed is how I feel
Having a brother just like you.

Rakhi Poem No. 4

Rakhi ke is pavitra taar sa
bandhan hai ye prem bhaav ka

ek ek doar mein lipta pyar
tumse hi khilta sansaar

sneh tumhara babul jaisa
usi jal se mujhe hai seencha

bachpan ki woh bheeni smriti
umhari khatti meethi prakrati

baat baat par tumhara jhirakna
phir woh roothna aur manana

apne naam ko sarthak karte
Rajeev ki tarah hi sadaa tum khilte

ishwar ki rahe sadaa dayaa
mere saath rahe yeh saaya

rakshabandhan ke paawan parv par
aur kya doon is ashish key siwa

Rakhi Poem No. 5

A Sister Like You

Someone who will understand
Who knows the way I feel
In every situation
Her concern is very real

Someone who has walked my ways
Who knows my every need
Times when she would see me cry
Her heart would nearly bleed

Everyone should have a sister
Just the way I do
Richly blessed is what I am
To have a sister like you
A Sister is Forever
by Bruce B. Wilmer

A sister's a sister forever,
A bond that diminishes never,
A friend who is kindly and caring,
A sibling God chooses for sharing.
Few ties as deep and profound
And with so much affection abound
Though some thoughts are seldom expressed
Love endures and survives every test.
Of the constants that rest in the heart,
A sister's a primary part.
She'll always be there when you need her-
You listen, you value, you heed her.
As growth, independence you ponder,
Your feelings grow deeper and fonder;
And life tells you one thing that is true:
A sister's a large part of you.

Rakhi History

Who Tied the First Rakhi? As every traditional festivity is associated with ancient legends and myths, Rakhi is no exception to it. Here you would find the tales and stories related to the Rakhi festival which tells us about the great devotion and the affectionate bond between brothers and sisters:Rakhi in Mythology
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Yama and Yamuna:According to a mythological tale, Yama, the lord of death, was blessed with eternity as his sister Yamuna tied up a Rakhi thread on his wrist. Since that time the festival of Raksha Bandhan is associated with tying of Rakhi thread.
The Tale of Lord Bali and Goddess Laxmi:According to the tale King Bali one day approached to the Lord Vishnu to get his kingdom safeguarded from its enemies. Lord Vishnu decided to help his great devotee and was set to leave his heavenly home. Goddess Lakshmi, the wife of Lord Vishnu, did not want her lord to leave the home and reached to the Bali's mansion in disguise of Brahmin woman to seek shelter. On the auspicious day of Shravan Purnima Laxmi ji while tying a revered thread on Bali's wrist told her purpose for being there. Touched by the tender feelings of Lakshmi ji for her family, Kind Bali requested Lord Vishnu to not leave his abode. Therefore the Rakhi festival is also called 'Baleva' that means the devotion of King Bali to Lord Vishnu.
Indra and Sachi: Indra, the king of devtas, had lost his kingdom to the asura Vritra. Indra's wife Sachi than tied a thread around her husband's wrist to ensure his victory in the upcoming war between him and Vrita. This was done at the behest of guru Brihaspati.
Draupadi and Krishna: Lord Krishna was left with a bleeding finger, after Shishupal's death. To stop the flow of blood, Draupadi, the wife of the Pandavas, had torn a strip of silk off her sari and tied it around Krishna's wrist. Touched by her concern, Krishna declared himself to protect her and promised to repay the debt manifold, and spent the next 25 years of his life doing just that. Rakhi in History
King Porus and Alexandar's wife:Another rakhi tale comes from the battle between Alexander the Greek king, and Porus, the Hindu king. Wife of Alexander sent a sacred thread to Porus, asking him not to harm her husband in battle. In accordance with Hindu traditions, Porus gave full respect to rakhi. In the battlefield, when Porus was about to deliver a final blow on Alexander, he saw the rakhi on his hand and restrained himself from attacking Alexander personally.
Humayun and Queen Karmavati: Queen Karmavati of Chittor had sent a Rakhi to Humayun to protect her from Bahadur Shah. Humayun, then engaged in an expedition against Bengal, turned back to carry out his sacred brotherly duty and tried to protect her but was too late. Chittor had already fallen and the Rani had immolated herself in the Rajput custom of Jauhar.
Rabindranath Tagore's call to nation: During the partition of Bengal in 1905, Rabindranath Tagore, the Nobel laureate poet used the occasion of the Raksha Bandhan as a community festival and gave a call to tie a rakhi amongst all Hindus and Muslims so as to maintain peace and harmony between them and spread the nationalist spirit among people from different ethnic backgrounds. This is how Raksha Bandhan came into existence in the ages of old Hindu mythology and has moved into the modern ages as a symbol of universal brotherhood and goodwill.

Saawan Ka Mausam Tha

Saawan ka mausam tha Poonam ki raat thi Mein uske paas tha Woh mere karib thi Fir woh mere paas aayi Aur thodi si ghabraayi Jab meine uska haath pakada To woh thodi si sharmaayi Usne kaha aaj hum Aise bandhan me bandh jaaye Jise duniya ki Koi taakat na tod paaye Meri khushi ka andaaza Lagana mushkil tha Par iske aage jo hua Woh batana bhi mushkil hai Usne mera haath Haatho me lekar kaha Yeh to janam janmo Ka bandhan hai Phir mujhe yaad aaya Woh Saawan ka mausam Woh poonam ki raat Yeh to Raksha Bandhan hai!

365 day

Bhagwan Hamari Jodi hamasha Aisa hi banaye rakhe. Aur Har saal ke 365 th day ye aise hi banaye.

Mai aur Mera Dost

Shimla ka Dost.

Shimla Tour

Ye Vadien Ye Fizae Bula rahi hai Hume.

F

Files in VB .NET Working with Files
File handling in Visual Basic is based on System.IO namespace with a class library that supports string, character and file manipulation. These classes contain properties, methods and events for creating, copying, moving, and deleting files. Since both strings and numeric data types are supported, they also allow us to incorporate data types in files. The most commonly used classes are FileStream, BinaryReader, BinaryWriter, StreamReader and StreamWriter.
FileStream Class
This class provides access to standard input and output files. We use the members of FileAccess, FileMode and FileShare Enumerations with the constructors of this class to create or open a file. After a file is opened it's FileStream object can be passed to the Binary Reader, BinaryWriter, Streamreader and StreamWriter classes to work with the data in the file. We can also use the FileStreamSeek method to move to various locations in a file which allows to break a file into records each of the same length.
StreamReader and StreamWriter Class
The StreamReader and StreamWriter classes enables us to read or write a sequential stream of characters to or from a file.
BinaryReader and BinaryWriter Class
The BinaryReader and BinaryWriter classes enable us to read and write binary data, raw 0's and 1's, the form in which data is stored on the computer.
The following examples puts some code to work with textual data using FileStream and StreamReader and StreamWriter classes.
Code to create a File
Imports System.IO'NameSpace required to be imported to work with files

Public Class Form1 Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form

Private Sub Form1_Load(ByVal sender As System.Object, ByVal e_As System.EventArgs) Handles MyBase.Load

Dim fs as New FileStream("file.doc", FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write)

'declaring a FileStream and creating a word document file named file with

'access mode of writing

Dim s as new StreamWriter(fs)

'creating a new StreamWriter and passing the filestream

object fs as arguments.BaseStream.Seek(0,SeekOrigin.End)

'the seek method is used to move the cursor to next position to avoid text to be

'overwrittens.WriteLine("This is an example of using file handling concepts in VB .NET.")s.WriteLine("This concept is interesting.")

'writing text to the newly created

files.Close()

'closing the file

End Sub

End Class
The default location where the files we create are saved is the bin directory of the Windows Application with which we are working. The image below displays that.
Code to create a file and read from it
Drag a Button and a RichTextBox control onto the form. Paste the following code which is shown below.
Imports System.IO'NameSpace required to be imported to work with files

Public Class Form1 Inherits System.Windows.Forms.Form

Private Sub Button1_Click(ByVal....., Byval.....)Handles Button1.Click

Dim fs as New FileStream("file.doc", FileMode.Create, FileAccess.Write)

'declaring a FileStream and creating a document file named file with 'access mode of writing

Dim s as new StreamWriter(fs)

'creating a new StreamWriter and passing the filestream

object fs as arguments.WriteLine("This is an example of using file handling concepts in VB .NET.")

s.WriteLine("This concept is interesting.")

'writing text to the newly created

files.Close()

'closing the file

fs=New FileStream("file.doc",FileMode.Open,FileAccess.Read)

'declaring a FileStream to open the file named file.doc with access mode of reading

Dim d as new StreamReader(fs)

'creating a new StreamReader and passing the filestream

object fs as argumentd.BaseStream.Seek(0,SeekOrigin.Begin)

'Seek method is used to move the cursor to different positions in a file, in this code, to 'the beginning

while d.peek()>-1

'peek method of StreamReader object tells how much more data is left in the file

RichTextbox1.Text &= d.readLine()

'displaying text from doc file in the RichTextBox

End while

d.close()

End Sub

Know Something about .NET

NET Defined

Before getting deeply into the subject we will first know how Businesses are related to Internet, what .NET means to them and what exactly .NET is built upon. As per the product documentation from a Business perspective, there are three phases of the Internet. The First phase gets back to the early 1990's when Internet first came into general use and which brought a big revolution for Businesses. In the First phase of the Internet Businesses designed and launched their Website's and focused on the number of hits to know how many customers were visiting their site and interested in their products, etc. The Second phase is what we are in right now and in this phase Businesses are generating revenue through Online Transactions. We are now moving into the Third phase of the Internet where profit is the main priority. The focus here is to Businesses effectively communicate with their customers and partners who are geographically isolated, participate in Digital Economy and deliver a wide range of services. How can that be possible? The answer, with .NET.

What is .NET ?

Many people reckon that it's Microsoft's way of controlling the Internet, which is false. .NET is Microsoft's strategy of software that provides services to people any time, any place, on any device. An accurate definition of .NET is, it's an XML Web Services platform which allows us to build rich .NET applications, which allows users to interact with the Internet using wide range of smart devices (tablet devices, pocket PC's, web phones etc), which allows to build and integrate Web Services and which comes with many rich set of tools like Visual Studio to fully develop and build those applications.

What are Web Services?

Web Services are the applications that run on a Web Server and communicate with other applications. It uses a series of protocols to respond to different requests. The protocols on which Web Services are built are summarized below:

UDDI: Stands for Universal Discovery and Description Integration. It's said to be the Yellow Pages of Web Services which allows Businesses to search for other Businesses allowing them to search for the services it needs, know about the services and contact them.

WSDL: Stands for Web Services Description Language, often called as whiz-dull. WSDL is an XML document that describes a set of SOAP messages and how those messages are exchanged.

SOAP: Stands for Simple Object Access Protocol. It's the communication protocol for Web Services.

XML, HTTP and SMTP: Stands for Extensible Markup Language, Hyper Text Transfer Protocol and Simple Message Transfer Protocol respectively. UDDI, WSDL and SOAP rely on these protocols for communication.

The image below shows the order of the protocols on which Web Services are built:



Example of a Web Services Application

Let's say a customer accesses a Website and buys something. The Web services of the business will communicate with the inventory system to see if there is enough stock to fulfill the order. If not, the system can communicate with the suppliers to find one or all of the parts that make up the order before filling the order. At all stages the customer will be kept informed via messages. The end result is a seamless system communicating and exchanging information easily regardless of the platform they are all running on. The business don't need to worry about going to the wrong supplier because it asks the Web service running on the supplier system what it does. And the business doesn't have to worry about the other system's methods of handling data because they communicate via SOAP and XML.

Real World Application

Microsoft's passport service is an example of a .NET service. Passport is a Web-based service designed to make signing in to Websites fast and easy. Passport enables participating sites to authenticate a user with a single set of sign-in credentials eliminating the need for users to remember numerous passwords and sign-in names. You can use one name and password to sign in to all .NET Passport-participating sites and services. You can store personal information in your .NET Passport profile and, if you choose, automatically share that information when you sign in so that participating sites can provide you with personalized services. If you use Hotmail for your email needs then you should be very much familiar with the passport service.

To find out more about how Businesses are implementing Web Services and the advantages it is providing please visit Microsoft's Website and check out the case studies published.

What is .NET Built On?

.NET is built on the Windows Server System to take major advantage of the OS and which comes with a host of different servers which allows for building, deploying, managing and maintaining Web-based solutions. The Windows Server System is designed with performance as priority and it provides scalability, reliability, and manageability for the global, Web-enabled enterprise. The Windows Server System integrated software products are built for interoperability using open Web standards such as XML and SOAP.

Core Windows Server System Products include :

SQL Server2000: This Database Server is Web enabled and is designed with priority for .NET based applications. It is scalable, easy to manage and has a native XML store.

Application Center 2000: This product is designed to manage Web Applications.

Commerce Server 2000: This powerful Server is designed for creating E-Commerce based applications.

Mobile Information Server: This Server provides real-time access for the mobile community. Now Outlook users can use their Pocket PC's to access all their Outlook data while they are moving.

Exchange Server 2000: This is a messaging system Server and allows applications on any device to access information and collaborate using XML.

BizTalk Server 2000: This is the first product created for .NET which is XML based and allows to build business process that integrate with other services in the organization or with other Businesses.

Internet Security and Acceleration Server 2000: This Server provides Security and Protection for machines. It is an integrated firewall and Web cache server built to make the Web-enabled enterprise safer, faster, and more manageable.

Host Integration Server 2000: This Server allows for the Integration of mainframe systems with .NET.

When developing real world projects if you don't know how to use the above mentioned Server's which are built for .NET based applications do not worry. Your System Administrator is always there to help you.

.NET and XML

There is a lot of connection between XML and .NET. XML is the glue that holds .NET together. XML looks similar to HTML which is readable and text-based. XML is a method of putting structured data into a text file. XML is the specification for defining the structure of the document. Around this specification a whole family of optional modules are being developed. The reason why XML is linked so much to .NET is, it's platform independent and is well supported on any environment. To move the data contained in an XML file around different organizations using different software on different platforms it should be packed it into something. That something is a protocol like SOAP.

About SOAP

SOAP, Simple Object Access Protocol is a simple, lightweight protocol for exchanging information between peers in a decentralized, distributed environment. It is an XML based protocol that consists of three parts: an envelop that describes what is in the message and how it should be processed, a set of encoding rules and a convention for representing remote procedure calls and responses.

.NET vs Java

Many of us wonder what .NET has to do with Java. Is there any relation between them? Are they similar? and so on. I even hear some people say .NET is Microsoft's answer to Java. I think every language has its own pros and cons. Java is one of the greatest programming languages created by humans. Java doesn't have a visual interface and requires us to write heaps of code to develop applications. On the other hand, with .NET, the Framework supports around 20 different programming languages which are better and focus only on business logic leaving all other aspects to the Framework. Visual Studio .NET comes with a rich visual interface and supports drag and drop. Many applications were developed, tested and maintained to compare the differences between .NET and Java and the end result was a particular application developed using .NET requires less lines of code, less time to develop and lower deployment costs along with other important issues. Personally, I don't mean to say that Java is gone or .NET based applications are going to dominate the Internet but I think .NET definitely has an extra edge as it is packed with features that simplify application development.

I hope the information above puts some light on the technology aspects behind .NET and helps you in getting started.

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AutoLisp Language

AutoLISP is a dialect of Lisp programming language built specifically for use with the full version of AutoCAD and its derivatives, which include Autodesk Map 3D and Autodesk Architectural Desktop. Neither the application programming interface nor the interpreter to execute AutoLISP code are included in the AutoCAD LT product line, except in add-ons such as "LT-Extender".

AutoLISP is a small, dynamically scoped LISP (list processing language). It lacks modern LISP features such as a macro system, settable list structure or let bindings. Aside from the core language, most of the primitive functions are for geometry or the manipulation of graphical entities in AutoCAD. The properties of these graphical entities are revealed to AutoLISP as association lists in which AutoCAD "group codes" are paired with values that indicate properties such as points, radii, colors, layers, linetypes, etc.
AutoLISP code can interact with the user through primitive functions that allow the user to input points, selection sets, numbers and other data. AutoLisp also has a built in GUI mini-language, the Dialog Control Language, for creating interactive forms within AutoCAD.
; example of macro without command-line interface exposed

(defun hello_world ()
(alert "Hello World!"))

; example of macro with command-line interface hidden

(defun c:hello_world ()
(alert "Hello World!")
(princ))

; example of LISP's flexible condition handling

(cond
((= a b) (princ "\n(a) and (b) are equal"))
((and (= (type a) 'INT) (= (type b) 'INT))
(princ (strcat "\n(a)+(b)=" (itoa (+ a b)))))
((and (= (type a) 'STR) (= (type b) 'STR))
(princ (strcat "\n(a)+(b)=" a b)))
((and (listp a) (= (type b) 'SUBR))
(mapcar '(lambda (x) (princ (b x))) a)))

AutoLISP was derived from a very early version of XLISP, which was created by David Betz. The language was appropriated (stolen)[citation needed] by Autodesk for use in AutoCAD Version 2.18 in January 1986, and continued to be enhanced in successive releases up to Release 13 in February 1995. After that, its development was neglected by Autodesk in favor of more fashionable development environments (VBA, and Object ARX)[citation needed]. However, it has remained AutoCAD's primary user customization language.
Visual-LISP, a considerably enhanced version of AutoLISP including an IDE, debugger, and compiler, was developed and sold by third party developer Basis Software. Vital LISP was a superset of the existing AutoLISP language that added VBA-like access to the AutoCAD object model, reactors (event handling for AutoCAD objects), general ActiveX support, and some other general Lisp functions. Autodesk purchased this, renamed it Visual LISP, and briefly sold it as an add-on to AutoCAD 14 released in May 1997. It was incorporated into AutoCAD 2000 released in March 1999, as a replacement for AutoLISP. Since then Autodesk has chosen to halt major enhancements to Visual LISP in favor of focusing more effort on VBA and ObjectARX.
AutoLISP has such a strong following that other CAD application vendors added it to their own products. FelixCAD, BricsCad, IntelliCAD and others have AutoLISP functionality, so that AutoLISP users can consider using them as an alternative to AutoCAD. Most development involving AutoLISP since AutoCAD 2000 is actually performed within Visual LISP since the original AutoLISP engine was replaced with the Visual LISP engine. There are thousands of utilities and applications that have been developed using AutoLISP or Visual LISP.

10 Points of Green Tea

.. About Green Tea
1. Green tea, consumed throughout the ages in India, China, Japan, and Thailand and used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine
2. Green tea is made from unfermented leaves and contains the highest concentration of polyphenols, chemicals that act as powerful antioxidants
3. The healthful properties of green tea are largely attributed to polyphenols, chemicals with potent antioxidant properties
4. Antioxidants in green tea has the ability to lower total cholesterol and raise HDL ("good") cholesterol
5. Japan, where green tea is regularly consumed tend to have low cancer rates. Polyphenols in green tea helps the prevention of cancer and help kill cancerous cells and stop its progression
6. By drinking green tea, one study found that women were less likely to develop bladder cancer
7. Researchers found that women who consumed the most green tea experienced the least spread of cancer
8. Weight Loss: green tea extract boost metabolism - polyphenols, specifically the catechins, are responsible for the herb's fat-burning effect
9. Green tea has been used traditionally to control blood sugar in the body, prevent the development of type 1 diabetes and slow the progression once it has developed
10. Green tea extracts also stimulate genes that cause cells to be less sensitive to chemotherapy drugs. Due to this potential interaction, green tea should not be taken while receiving chemotherapy

10 Point of Yogurt

yogurt
1. Yogurt has long been touted as the ultimate health food, purportedly contributing to better digestion, improved nutrition, reduced cholesterol, and protection from cancer.
2. In scientific studies those who received the bacteria-containing milk demonstrated enhanced immune activity.
3. People who are lactose-intolerant can enjoy yogurt without ill effects, because the lactose in the milk precursor is converted to lactic acid by the bacterial culture
4. One study suggests that eating yogurt containing L. acidophilus helps prevent vulvovaginal candidiasis, though the evidence is not conclusive.
5. The earliest yogurts were probably spontaneously fermented by wild bacteria living on the goat skin bags carried by the Bulgars (or Hunno-Bulgars), a nomadic people
6. yogurt is made by introducing specific bacteria strains into milk, which is subsequently fermented under controlled temperatures and environmental conditions
7. The bacteria ingest natural milk sugars and release lactic acid as a waste product
8. The increased acidity (pH=4–5) also prevents the proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacteria.
9. A small amount of live yogurt can be used to inoculate a new batch of yogurt, as the bacteria reproduce and multiply during fermentation
10. To make yogurt boil then cool milk, add two full table spoons of live yogurt to a half litre of the cooled milk. Incubate at about 45c (+or – 4c) for 8-12 hours, then refrigerate.

I am Sorry but you really don't know this

1. Coca-Cola was originally green. 2. The most common name in the world is Mohammed. 3. The name of all the Continents ends with the same letter that they start with. 4. The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue. 5. Women blink nearly twice as much as men! 6. You can't kill yourself by holding your breath.. 7. If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib. If you try to Suppress a sneeze; you can rupture a blood vessel in your head or neck and die. 8. Each king in a deck of playing cards represents great king from History. "Spades" - King David; "Clubs" - Alexander the Great; " Hearts" - Charlemagne; "Diamonds" - Julius Caesar. 9. 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321 10. Shakespeare invented the word 'assassination' and 'bump'.

I Love you India

1. Largest democracy in the world
2. Has the biggest film industry in the world
3. Aryabhatta was the scientist who invented the digit zero
4. India has the most post offices in the world
5. The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC
6. Ayurveda is the earliest known school of medicine 2500 years ago
7. The word 'Navigation' is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH
8. India is home to several major rivers, including the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna
9. Indian's contribute just 1 ton of C02 per capita as opposed to 9 for UK and 20 for USA
10. The main religion Hinduism believes in One Supreme God projecting as many different Deities

Uttar Pradesh Visiting places.

Agra The 'Taj Mahal', the world's greatest wonder built by Shahjahan is in Agra. Built in white marble, it is the enduring monument of love. The excellent specimen of Mughal architecture can be seen in Agra. The famous fort of Agra and palaces in Fatehpur-Sikri were built by Akbar. Notable monuments built during Jahangir's reign were the mausoleums of Akbar at Sikandara and of Etmad-ud-daula. Besides these, the shrine of Shia saint Qazi Nurullah 'Shastri' who came to India from Iran during Jahangir's reign, is also located in Agra.
· Ayodhya Ayodhya is among the seven great cities of India. It has the distinction of being the birthplace of Lord Ram. It was also the capital of famous Ikshwaku kings. There are a number of places in Ayodhya which are said to be associated with Lord Ram, Sita and Dashrath.
· Barsana Barsana is situated 10 km. south of Kosi on Agra-Delhi road. It has the distinction of being the birhtplace of Radha, the beloved of Lord Kishna. Its original name was Brahma Sarini. Four prominent peaks are considered to symbolize divinity and adorn the temples constructed in honour of Ladliji, a local name of Radha. A fair is held here every year on the occasion of Radhashtmi.
· Bahraich This has the Dargah of Syed Salar Masood Ghazi, who came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni.
· Bhrigu Mandir
It is the place where Dardar Muni, son of Bhrigu, son of Lord Brahma, undertook penance. The famous Dadri fair of India is held here in his memory on the occasion of Kartik Purima every year.
· BhitargaonIt is situated in Narwal Tehsil of Kanpur district about 32 km. south of Kanpur. It has a temple of the Gupta period. Built of bricks, it is considered to be an excellent specimen of the Gupta architecture.
· Bithoor Situated about 21 km. north-west of Kanpur city, on the banks of the Ganga, Bithoor is important both from the historical and religious points of view. Its ancient name was Brhmavarta Tirth. According to popular belief, Maharshi Valmiki, the author of Ramayan, had his Ashram here. A fair is held here on Kartik Purnima day.
· Chunar Inside the Chunar Fort is a temple dedicated to Bhartrihari, built by Adi Vlikramaditya. Close by is the Koop temple of the Vallabh sect, where Sri Vitthalnathji had his Gaddi.
· Chitrakoot Chitrakoot is situated on Jhansi-Manikpur railway line about 80 km. south-east of Banda on the bank of river Mandakini. Lord Ram stayed here for some time on way to his exile-in-forest. The Sitapur here has a chain of 24 ghats along the river. Of these, Raghav Prayag, Kailash Ghat, Ram Ghat and Dhritikalpa Ghat are considered especially sacred. It is said that lord Ram lived in the Parnakuti near Ramghat. Three km. from here are the ashrams of Sati Anisuiya and Maharshi Atri. In a hill region, Mandarachal, from where the Mandakini originates, there are temples dedicated to Anisuiya, Atri, Dattatreya and Hanuman. About 3.30 km. away from Sitapur is the beautiful Janki Kund. Near Janki Kund is the Sphatik Shila (rock crystal). Also, there is Bharat Koop, which has the holy waters collected from all the sacred rivers.
· Chakra TirthChakra Tirth is foremost among the centers of pilgrimage in Naimish. It is said that a circular pond was created when the Divine Chakra built by Lord Brahma fell on the ground.
· DeograhThe famous Dashavatar temple is situated here.
· Devipatan It has the famous temple of Pateshwari Devi . It is said that the statues of the deity in the temple was installed by Emperor Vikramaditya.
· Dauji Dauji has the famous temple of Baldau (Dauji), the elder brother of Lord Krishna. Two fairs are held here every year.
· Deoband It has a famous temple dedicated to Goddess Durga.
· Dewa Sharif The Mazar of famous Sufi saint Waris Ali Shah is situated in Dewa about 40 km. from Bara Banki. A big fair is held every year in the month of Kartik.
· DwarahatIt has the three clusters of temples known as 'Kach-hari', 'Maniyan' and 'Ratnadev'. Most of the temples are without statues. It also has a temple of Gujardev which is an excellent specimen of art.
· Fatehpur-Sikri It has the mausoleum of the famous saint Sheikh Salim chishti. The mausoleum is in the premises of a mosque and was built during the reign of Akbar.
· Garh Mukteshwar Situated on the right bank of the Ganga, 42 km. from Meerut, Garh Mukteshwar was a suburb of Hastinnapur in ancient times. There is a temple of Mukteshwar Shiva here. Close to the temple is the ancient Jharkhandeshwar Shiva-ling. A fair is held here on Kartik Purnima.
· Govardhan There is a beautiful temple of Haridev near the vast lake known as the sacred Manasi Ganga. This temple was built by Raja Bhagwan Das of Amber during the reign of Akbar.
· Gola Gokaran NathPleased by the penance done by Ravana in the Treta Yug, Lord Shiva directed him to install a Shiva-ling in Lanka with the instruction that it should not be kept on land anywhere before installation. On the way Ravana left the Shiva-ling for some time with a devotee who was not able to bear its weight, placed it on the land. The Shiva-ling got installed there. On coming back, Ravana got very angry and pressed the ling with his thumb. The ling took the shape of human ear. It is on this basis that the place was called Gola Gokaran Nath.
· Gorakhnath Temple The Gorakhnath temple is situated at the place where Mahayogi Gorakhnath distributed 'Khichri' as Prasad and performed miracle. Since then the city is known as Gorkhpur after the name of the Mahayogi.
· Hastinapur This city was the capital of the Pandavas. A big fair is held here on Kartik Purnima. It also has a famous Jain pilgrim centre. It was here that king Shreyans donated 'ikshuras' to the first Jain Tirthankar, 'Rishabhdev'. Hence, it is known as 'Dan (donations) Tirth'.
· Jain Shwtembar TempleThe main deity in the grand temple is Lord Vimalnath seated on a high edestal. There are symbols of four Kalyanaks in the four corners of the temple.
· Jain Digamber TempleIt has the statue of the original Lord Vimalnath. It is estimated that this statue is several hundred years old. There are also a number of small temples, ruins and old wells.· JaunpurJaupur was founded by Feroze Shah Tughlaq in 1359 A.D. Famous buildings constructed here by Sharqi rulers include the Fort, Attala Masjid, Jama Masjid and Lal Darwaza Masjid.
· Kanva Ashram Kanva Ashram is now called Chowkighat. The Sacred area spread from Kanva Ashram to Nanda Giri is known as Badrinath Mandal.
· Katarmal The famous Surya temple of Uttarakhand is situated here. The image of the Surya in the temple is a creation of 12th century AD. The statues of Shiva-Parvati, Lakshmi-Narayan and Nrisingh are also there in the temple.
· Kankhal The main temple of this city is of Daksheshwar Mahadev on its northern border. A Hanuman temple is also situated here.
· Kalpi The place is famous for its Vyas Tila and Nrisingh Tila. The common belief is that Lord Vyas had his Ashram here and Lord Nrisingh appeared on Nrishingh Tila to protect Prahlad.
· Kaushambi It is a famous pilgrim centre both of the Buddhists and the Jains. A number of ancient images have been discovered during excavations here.
· KannaujThe old name of the city was Kanyakubja. The importance of Kanyakubja increased in the seventh century when Emperor Harshavardhan established his sovereignty here. Yuan-Chwang has given a description of the city during the reign of Harsha. This centre of archaeology, art and culture is also famous for its scents (Ittra). Old ruins, temples and mosques of Kannauj date back thousands of years.
· Kampil This small town, hiding within the mysterious folds of India's long history, has been known since ancient times as the captivating casket of philosophy, religion and culture. It is mentioned in various forms, contexts and backdrops in Vishnu Puran, Jataks, Ramayan and Uttaradhyayan Sutra and other works and reports. This pilgrim centre is the birthplace of thirteenth Jain Tirthankar Lord Vimalnath, Mahasati Draupadi and Guru Dronacharya.
· Kapil Muni AshramA cave has been discovered here during excavations in which there are some statues and things used in worship.
· Kushinagar Kushinagar is one among important Buddhist centres. Lord Buddha attained 'Nirvan' here. An ancient 'Nirvan Stupa' has been found here in excavation. Several 'Vihars' and temples of the Gupta age have also been found in excavation here. The old name of Kushinagar was Vaseya. A fair is held here on Buddha Purima.
· LucknowAccording to the legend, the city of Lucknow was founded by Lakshman, younger brother of Lord Ram, and its ancient name was Lakshmanpuri. There is an old mound here which is known as the Lakshman Tila. Asaf-ud-dawla built the Roomi Darwaza and the Imambara. The Asafi Mosque, Daulatkhana, the Residency, Bibiapur Kothi and Chowk market were also built by Asaf-ud-daula. The famous Chhatar Manzil was constructed by Nasir-ud-din Haider which now houses the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI). The Martyr's Memorial was erected in memory of freedom fighters. The Zoological and National Botanical Gardens are also places worth seeing. There is also the Mazar of famous Muslim saint, Shah Mina.
· LakhamandalLakhamandal derives its name from the discovery of lakhs of statues here. Some important rock inscriptions have also been found here in excation.
· LodheswarLodheshwar is in Bara Banki district and has a temple dedicated to lodheshwar Mahadev.
· MathuraMathura it is one of the seven great cities. Madhuban near the present mathura was earlier ruled by Madhu and his son, Lavan. Madhuban or Madhupuri was founded after the name of Madhu. Shatrughan, the brother of Lord Ram, killed Lavan and gave a new form to the city. Lord Krishna belonging to the Yadav clan of Chandravanshis was born here. Lakhs of pilgrims come here every year to visit the Dwarikadhish temple and Vishramghat.
· Maghar Saint-poet Kabir breathed his last here. His Samadhi/Mazar, a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity, is situated here.
· MisrikhLegend is that Maharshi Dadhichi bathed here in water brought from all the Tirths before donating his bones. Hence, its name Mishrit or Misrikh. The ashram of Maharshi Dadhichi and Sita Kund are other places of attraction here.
· Nandgaon Nandgaon is situated at the foot of a hillock about 48 km from Mathura. Nand Baba had his house here. On the top of the hillock is a big temple. The place is held very sacred by the Hindus.
· NaimisharanyaIt was at this place that for establishing Dharma on the earth, the Gods requested Maharshi Dadhichi to give his bones for preparing a weapon to kill the Demon Vrittrasur. Naimisharnaya was a centre of spriitual development. There are many places of pilgrimage (Tirth) in Naimisharanya.
· Nanda Devi After Gauri Shankar, it is the highest mountain peak in the world.
· Prayag Situated at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuan, Prayag, known as the "Tirthraj" is the famous pilgrims’ centre of India. Here a Kumbh Mela takes place every twelfth year and an Ardh-Kumbh every sixth year. The ashram of sage Bharadwaj and the ancient Akshayvat are also situated here. There is a fort at the Sangam which was built by Akbar.
· Pindari Glacier Flowers of varied hues, beautiful forests and snows are the main attractions. The Pindar river also originates from this glacier.
· Rajapur The great saint-poet Tulsidas is said to have been born here. A beautiful memorial has been built here on behalf of the Tulsi smarak samiti. In Rameshwardham temple, Shatrughan, younger brother of Lord Ram, had installed the Shiva-ling brought from Lanka here. Sita used to worship this Shiva-ling daily during her stay in Ashok Vatika.
· RanikhetThe main attraction of Ranikhet is its sylvan surroundings. This hill resort can easily be reached from Almora and Naini Tal also. It has many beautiful spots, pine forests and fruit orchards. Not far away is the Chaubatia Government Gardens. It has an excellent Golf Course. A rope-way has also been built here.
· SankisaIt was called Sankasya in ancient times. The Chinese traveller, Yuan-Chwang has described it as 'Kapittha'. There are certain relics on a mound here. According to the Buddhists, Lord Buddha had descended on earth at this place. The place is also held sacred by the Hindus. A Shravani Mela is held here every year.
· Sarnath Sarnath occupies a very important place among Buddhist Shrines. After Enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, the Buddha preached his first sermon in Mrigdav (Sarnath). Remains of several ancient Vihars and temples have been found here in excavations. The Archaeological Museum here is also an important place to visit.
· ShringirampurSituated on the south bank of the Ganga in Farrukhabad district, Shringiramapur has a temple dedicated to shringi Rishi. Fairs are held here on the occasion of Kartik Purnima and Dussehra.
· Shakumbhari DeviThis ancient temple is situated at a place 41.6 km. from Saharanpur. The Shakumbhari Devi temple is surrounded by hills on all sides. A fair is held here on the occasion of Navaratri.
· Sri Lalita Devi TempleIt is close to the Chakra Tirth. It is said that a divine power called Lalita appeared here by the order of Brhma and holding the Brhma's Chakra by its top, made it stand erect. This temple has great importance for the devotees.
· Shravasti According to Pauranic lore, Shravasti, was founded by Suryavanshi king Shravast. The Buddhist scriptures describe it as one of the six prominent cities of India. The city is also an important centre of Jains. It was also the second capital of Kosal.
· Soron Soron or Shooker-Kshetra is one of the famous pilgrim centres of India. According to the Pauranic lore, at the time of creation, the earth appeared first of all at this place. There is a temple of Lord Varah here in which a colossal image of Varah is installed and nearby is the Varah Ghat on Haripadi.
· Sri Hanuman Garhi and Panch PandavThere is a colossal statue of Lord Hanuman here. According to the legend, after killing Ahiravan, Lord Hanuman appeared here along with Lord Ram and Lakshaman. Here also is a temple of the Pandavas. Pandavas stayed here during their period of secret abode.
· Shukra Tal Maharshi Shukracharya a narrated the story of Mahabharat to King Parikshit under a banyan tree here.
· Tapovan Lakshman Jhola is the main attraction of the place. There is also a Lakshman temple and an ancient temple of Lord Vishnu. At some distance is the Swargashram. There is also a Rameshwar temple at this place.
· Varanasi (Kashi)Varanasi is among the most ancient cities of the world. It derives its name two rivers-Varuna and Assi. The present Kashi has many beautiful temples which include the famous Vishwanath temple, Annapurana temple, Vishweshvar, Sakshi Vinayak and Panchratna temples. Among the 'Kunds' and 'Vapis', notable are Durga Kund, Pushkar Kund, Pishach Mochan, Kapildhara, Lolark, Mansarovar and Mandakini. It has a number of ghats, famous among them being Assi, Harishchandra, AhilyaBai, Dashashwamedha and Manikarnika.
· Vrindavan There are about 4, 000 temples, ghats and sarovars in Vrindava. The Govind Dev temple is very beautiful and grand. It was built by Raja Man Sing of Jaipur in 1500 AD. In front of this is the grand temple of Rangnath built of white stone in the Dravidian style. Other famous temples are Behariji temple, Radhavallabh temple, Radharaman temple, Gopinath temple, Shahji temple, Ashta Sakhi temple etc. Nidhivan and Sewakunj are famous forest resorts and Vashivat, Kalidah and Keshgat are important ghats of the Yamuna in Vrindavan.
· Vindhyachal The famous temple of Vindhyavasini Devi is located here. A great fair is held here during Nav-ratri.

Worry about GIS Courses?

1. I want to know about this course, including the IIRS-ITC collaboration.
This course is a joint course by Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NRSA), India and International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Netherlands. Duration of the course is 18 months, out of which 15 months including 6 months research work is carried out in IIRS and 3 months course work including defending of research proposal should be completed at ITC, Netherlands. The M.Sc. certificate issued will be by ITC and the course record will be issued by IIRS and ITC jointly.
Top
2. What is so special about this course?
In this course basic Geoinformation technology (Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning System) and application of Geoinformation technology to various hazards in 3 specialisations (Hydro-meteorological / Geological / Environmental) in covered including hands on experience in working with case studies.
Top
3. I’d like to have a good career in RS & GIS, will it be suitable for me?
Yes. A career in RS & GIS technology and its applications is possible with this course.
Top
4. .Who is the target audience of this course? I mean who will find this course quite useful.
This course is useful for mid-career employees in govt. and private sectors, who would like to update their skills in geoinformatics and also acquire addition qualification.
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5. I’m already working in a RS/GIS related company. Will it be useful for me?
Yes, to improve your knowledge it is useful for you to update your knowledge with latest technological developments, which will help you to take up more challenging responsibilities in your future endeavors.
Top
6. I’m working in Geology Dept. in Govt sector. Will it be useful to me?
Yes. It will be useful. In this course, the geological disasters which are taught extensively, is earthquakes and landslides, in which several case studies are developed and operational projects are also carried out.
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7. What is total cost of this course? I’ve heard it is expensive.
Since this course is organised both at IIRS, India for 15 months and 3 months in ITC, Netherlands, The course fee is to be paid at both places. In IIRS the course fee is Rs. 1,20,000 for 15 months and the fees at ITC is Euro 1250 for 3 months and living expenses in India (approx. Rs. 35000) and in Netherlands (Euro 2100).
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8. As this course is expensive, will I be able to get good job placement? Which companies do I have chance to get into?
Yes, You can get a good job placement, depending upon the skills learned by you in using the geoinformation technology in various applications. The probable companies, which will look for you will be Rolta India Ltd., RMSI, Pan India Consultents, Adriatech etc.
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9. What’s the module structure of the MSc. course?
Course structure of M. Sc. / Postgraduate Diploma / Certificate courses in Geo-Hazards is given below.
Module
Duration
Masters of Science in Geo-hazards
Post Graduate Diploma in geo-hazards
Certificate Cource in geo-hazards
1
4 Weeks
Basics of Remote Sensing and photogrammetry
2
4 Weeks
Principles of GIS
1 Weeks
Exam Week module 1 & 2
3
3 Weeks
Concepts of Hazards & Risks (1 week) and Thematic Image Interpretation and Analysis (2 weeks) (3 specialisations)
4
3 Weeks
Application of Geoinformatics to Hazards (3 specialisations: Hydro meteorological, Geological, Environment)
5
3 Weeks
Simulation Case Study in three specializations: Hydrometeorological, Geological, Environmental
6
3 Weeks
Advanced GIS (Common module with Geoinformatics course)
7
3 Weeks
Advanced Modelling of Hazard & Risks
8
3 Weeks
Advanced Remote Sensing & Image Processing (Common module with Geoinformatics course)
9
3 Weeks
Research Skill Development (Common module with Geoinformatics course)
Field Work
10
3 Weeks
Application in geoinformation in element at risk mapping and vulnerability
Database finalisation
11
3 Weeks
Research Seminar & Project Planning
Data Analysis
1 Week
Move to ITC and Introduction to ITC
Result analysis, report writing and defence
12 to 15
3 Weeks
Group Research Training (at ITC)
· Natural Hazard & Disaster Management
· Multi Hazard Risk Assessment
· Digital Field work acquition methods
M.Sc. Proposal writing and Presentation
16 to 23
6 months
M.Sc. dissertation
10. Who’ll be awarding this MSc. degree and what is the accreditation of this degree in India?
The M.Sc. degree is awarded by ITC, Netherlands and the accreditation of this course in India is in progress.
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11. I’m M.Sc. ( Physics), can I join this course? Are there sufficient seats?
Yes, you can join the course, provided seats are available. But you need to select one of the optional streams such as hydro-meteorological, geological and environmental, based on your interest.
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12. Are there any fellowships or scholarships available for this course?
Yes. Several scholarships are available. This course is recognized by NUFFIC in Netherlands for full 18 months period, which includes, travel and living expenses in Netherlands and living expenses in Netherlands. In addition to this, the 4 modules of course work which is mandatory to be attended by the course participants is recognized by NIFFIC as short course for 3 months duration. The sponsored course participants will be eligible to apply through their employer, 3 months before begins. In addition to this module 10 “multi-hazards assessment” at ITC is also recognized as short course by NUFFIC, for which separte application can be sent for funding by only sponsored candidates only.
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13. I still need to clarify some technical points whom can I contact at IIRS?
You can contact Programme co-ordinator or course coordinator of this course at IIRS. Contact no.s are 0135 2744518 ext. 2419 or 2418 or by E-mail:Dr. V. Hari Prasad, In-charge, WRD & Programme Co-ordinator, Geo-Hazard courses. (prasad@iirs.gov.in).Mr. I.C. Das, Scientist ‘SE’ & Course co-orindator, Geo-Hazard courses. (icdas@iirs.gov.in)

GIS Awards

GIS Professional of the year 2001: Dr. Arun K. SarafIn the survey conducted by GIS Development during Map India 2002, Dr. Arun Saraf, Associate Professor at IIT Roorkee was declared "GIS Professional of the year 2001."
GIS hardware companies for the year 2001
Computer Hardware: Hewlett PackardPlotter: Hewlett PackardScanner: VIDAR
GIS software company of the year 2001: ESRI
GPS Company of the year 2001: Leica Geosystems
Image Processing Company of the year 2001: ERDAS
GIS solution provider in 2001: ESRI India
Best Exhibitor Stall at Exhibition Map India 2002: ESRI India

Abhishek Ravi and 9 July

Naher ke Kinare, Sukant bhi hua Kinare
Isaro ko agar samjo raj ko raj rahe do (See Ravi)

Ye Phool Kisne Mara?

VB.NET Coding Guidelines

Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Style Guidelines
2.1 Tabs and Indenting
2.2 Option Explicit / Option Strict
2.3 Block Formatting
2.4 Single line statements
2.5 Commenting
2.5.1 Copyright notice
2.5.2 Documentation Comments
2.5.3 Comment Style
2.6 Spacing
2.7 Attributes
2.8 Naming
2.9 Naming Conventions
2.9.1 Interop Classes
2.10 File Organization
2.11 Doing things the Visual Basic .NET Way
2.12 Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility
2.13 Other Considerations
1. Introduction
First, read the .NET Framework Design Guidelines. These guidelines exist to extend upon those guidelines for the VB.NET developer. Almost all naming conventions, casing rules, etc., are spelled out in this document. Unlike the Design Guidelines document, you should treat this document as a set of suggested guidelines. These guidelines are not to be taken a law and exist to offer guidance for people who do not have guidelines or are seeking improving upon their existing coding habits.
Note: Portions of this document are based on the C# Coding Guidelines written by Brad Abrams.
2. Style Guidelines
2.1 Tabs & Indenting
Tab characters (ASCII 9) should not be used in code. All indentation should be done with 2 space characters.
The reason I use 2 spaces is that, to me, it's just a readable as 3 or 4. I believe the VB runtime team uses 3 spaces and the default in the IDE is 4. However, if your code as a lot of indentation (which VB.NET does), you quickly end up with some pretty long lines and a lot of extraneous white space. The reason I settled on 2 spaces is because of these issues and it looks great when publishing code one the web and in print. In the end this is a really minor guideline. Use whatever your comfortable with since, with the "Pretty Print" feature in the IDE, you can quickly set the spacing to your preference.
2.2 Option Explicit / Option Strict
Although it’s possible to enable these options within the project properties, you should place the following at the top of every source file:
Option Explicit On Option Strict On
If you are unable to have both of these set to “On”, a comment should be given as to the reason for doing so.
Although there is an option in the IDE to enable this, the problem is that when you share code with others. The default in the IDE is these turned off. So when you provide code and they incorporate it within their project, the compiler features enabled when these are turn on are not gained. Also, if they are in every file, you know, without a doubt, what the options are set to. Finally, if you turn the options on in the IDE and you get code from another source, your going to see a potentially see a ton of errors. Have to fix them before (or adding Options Off) even being able to if the code does what you are looking for it to do. One final point. During code reviews, you can see this in the source... again, absolutely no questions being raised.
2.3 Block Formatting
All logical blocks should be formatted in such a way as to be clean and clear as to what’s occurring. Every If/Then should have an End If.
If someExpression Then DoSomething()Else DoSomethingElse()End If
“Select Case” statements should be formatted as follows:
Select Case someExpression Case 0 DoSomething() Case 1 DoSomethingElse() Case 2 Dim n As Integer = 1 DoAnotherThing(n) Case Else ' Normally this would be the default.End Select
Not wanting to get into a situation where these guidelines become too restrictive. Personally, in my code, I avoid ever having an empty Case Else. I think there should always be a default setting and I make this one inside of the Case Else. If there is a case when there is no default, then I raise an error. As for If/Then Else sections being empty, I just don't have them.
2.4 Single line statements
Single line statements should be avoided in every instance except possibly the Select Case blocks. Even then, strong consideration needs to be given to doing so and only done if the statement in question is a single line and very short. If any of the Case elements are not a single line, make all of the Case elements multiple lines for consistency.
Right:
Select Case value Case 0: x += 1 Case 1: x += 5 Case Else: x += 10End Select
OrSelect Case value Case 0 DoSomeProcessStep1() DoSomeProcessStep2() x += 1 Case 1 x += 5 Case Else x += 10End Select
Wrong:
Select Case value Case 0: DoSomeProcessStep1() : DoSomeProcessStep2() : x += 1 Case 1 x += 5 Case Else: x += 10End Select
2.5 Commenting
Comments should be used to describe intention, algorithmic overview, and/or logical flow. It would be ideal, if from reading the comments alone, someone other than the author could understand a function’s intended behavior and general operation. While there are no minimum comment requirements and certainly some very small routines need no commenting at all, it is hoped that most routines will have comments reflecting the programmer’s intent and approach.
2.5.1 Copyright notice
Each file should start with a copyright notice. To avoid errors in doc comment builds, you don’t want to use triple-apostrophe doc comments, but using XML makes the comments easy to replace in the future. Final text will vary by product (you should contact legal for the exact text), but should be similar to:
'-----------------------------------------------------------------------' ' Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.' '-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Contact legal? As you can see with the mention of Microsoft Corporation within the example, this section is included mainly to be consistent with the Microsoft internal C# guidelines. Whatever the reason may be, it's pretty good advice.
2.5.2 Documentation Comments
All methods should use XML doc comments. For internal dev comments, the tag should be used.
Public Class World '''

Public stuff about the method

''' What a neat parameter! ''' Cool internal stuff! ''' Public Sub MyMethod(Byval value As Integer) ' ... End Sub
End Class
2.5.3 Comment Style
The ' (apostrophe) style of comment tag should be used in most situations. Where ever possible, place comments above the code instead of beside it. Separate the actually comment (text) from the comment tag with a minimum of a single space, begin the comment with an uppercase letter (proper sentence structure) and end each comment with a period. Here are some examples:
' This is required for WebClient to work through the proxy.GlobalProxySelection.Select = New WebProxy("http://itgproxy")
' Create object to access Internet resources.Dim myClient As New WebClient()
Comments can be placed at the end of a line when space allows:
Public Class SomethingUseful Private itemHash As Integer ' Some instance member. Private Static hasDoneSomething A Boolean ' Some static member.End Class
2.6 Spacing
In addition to using the “Pretty Listing” feature from within Visual Studio, follow these guidelines. Spaces improve readability by decreasing code density. Here are some guidelines for the use of space characters within code:
Do use a single space after a comma between function arguments.Right: Console.In.Read(myChar, 0, 1)Wrong: Console.In.Read(myChar,0,1)
Do not use a space after the parenthesis and function argumentsRight: CreateWorld(myChar, 0, 1)Wrong: CreateWorld( myChar, 0, 1 )
Do not use spaces between a function name and parenthesis.Right: CreateWorld()Wrong: CreateWorld ()
Do use a single space before and after comparison operatorsRight: If (x = y) ThenWrong: If (x=y) Then
Do use single line spacing between Class, Module, Method and Property definitionsRight: Sub Spin()End SubSub Bounce()End SubWrong: Sub Spin()End SubSub Bounce()End Sub
Someone asked about defining spacing within the methods. To me, this is something that is pretty dependent on the type and amount of code within the method. My general rule of thumb is methods that contain a section of variable declarations or contain a lot of If/End If testing, I add a single space on either side of the code. For code that is very small and/or doesn't contain any variable declarations separated on their own, I usually have no spacing within the method.
2.7 Attributes
Attributes should be on the line before the statement the attribute is pertaining to (followed by the space underscore)
_Public Enum ExitWindowFlags LogOff = &H0 Shutdown = &H1 Reboot = &H2 Force = &H4 PowerOff = &H8 ForceIfHung = &H10End Enum
2.8 Naming
Follow all .NET Framework Design Guidelines for both internal and external members. Highlights of these include:
Do not use Hungarian notation (except for private member variables).
Do use the m_ prefix for private Class level member variables. This is the only guideline in this document that goes against the .NET Framework Design Guidelines, but the guidelines in that document assume languages that are case-sensitive. It is necessary to distinguish the private member variables in some manner as to not collide with the public properties of the same name. To offer complete consistency, this guideline is extended to all private member variables.
Do use camelCasing for member variables.
Do use camelCasing for parameters.
Do use camelCasing for local variables.
Do use PascalCasing for function, property, event, and class names.
Do prefix interfaces names with “I”
Do not prefix enums, classes, or delegates with any letter
Do not use single-letter naming for variables.
Avoid using constants, use Enum instead. However, when you can’t avoid using constants, use PascalCasing.
Do use ex as the local exception variable in a Try…Catch statement.
The reason to extend the public rules (no Hungarian, etc.) is to produce a consistent source code appearance. In addition a goal is to have clean readable source. Code legibility should be a primary goal.
According to the guidelines, private variables are camelCased. I suggest following this guideline even for the backing variables using the m_, meaning that you would use m_hairColor and not m_HairColor. The variable name is actually (in concept) the hairColor portion and just adding the m_ to prevent a collision from occurring (to represent it as a backing variable).
If you choose not to use m_, your alternative should be to follow the guidelines which means you would use camelCasing and use a variable naming scheme that would allow you to differentiate the backing variable from the property name. This can be done by appending a word after the variable name such as Value, Member or Private giving you hairColorValue. I don't prefer to go this route myself, but the choice is ultimately yours.
Single-letter variable names should be avoided; however, if the single-letter naming is clear to anyone that will be viewing the code and doesn't need any explanation (x, y for coordinates for example), feel free to use them. The main thing is to avoid them unless it makes perfect sense to use them. Rule of Thumb: Think about an alternative to using the single-letter variable name and after additional thought the single-letter naming seems more appropriate, then it's probably OK. For example, instead of using i in an For/Next, use index, count, offset, etc.
2.9 Naming Conventions
2.9.1 Interop Classes
Classes that are there for interop wrappers (Declare statements) should follow the naming convention below:
NativeMethods – No suppress unmanaged code attribute, these are methods that can be used anywhere because a stack walk will be performed.
UnsafeNativeMethods – Has suppress unmanaged code attribute. These methods are potentially dangerous and any caller of these methods must do a full security review to ensure that the usage is safe and protected as no stack walk will be performed.
SafeNativeMethods – Has suppress unmanaged code attribute. These methods are safe and can be used fairly safely and the caller isn’t needed to do full security reviews even though no stack walk will be performed.Class NativeMethods Private Sub New() End Sub Friend Declare Sub FormatHardDrive Lib "user32" (ByVal driveName As String)End Class _Class UnsafeNativeMethods Private Sub New() End Sub Friend Declare Sub CreateFile Lib "user32" (ByVal fileName As String)End Class _Class SafeNativeMethods Private Sub New() End Sub Friend Declare Sub MessageBox Lib "user32" (ByVal [text] As String)End Class
All interop classes must be Private, and all methods must be Friend. In addition a private constructor should be provided to prevent instantiation.
Use the Declare statement instead of the Attribute/Method blocks for declaring Win32 interop unless there is a need to do so because the Declare statement doesn’t expose some needed functionality.
When handling errors involved with interop, use the follow when the API documentation states to use GetLastError (if you aren’t going to handle the error within the code):
Throw New Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error)
2.10 File Organization
Source files should contain only one public type, although multiple internal classes are allowed.
Source files should be given the name of the Public Class in the file.
Directory names should follow the Namespace for the class.
For example, I would expect to find the public class “System.Windows.Forms.Control” in “System\Windows\Forms\Control.vb”…
Class elements should be grouped into sections. Within these sections, elements should be alphabetized.
Private member variables
New / Finalize / Dispose
Public
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
Protected
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
Friend
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
Private
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
2.11 Doing things the Visual Basic .NET Way
Do use the Visual Basic runtime methods rather than .NET Framework where appropriate.
Do use the short method for instantiating classes on the same line.Right: Dim someStuff As New Collection()Wrong: Dim someStuff As Collection = New Collection()
Do use Try…Catch instead of On Error.
Do use Cnnn() methods instead of System.Convert.Tonnn() methods.
Do not use type characters ($, !, #, %, etc.)
Do not create a Class containing only Shared methods. Use Modules instead.
Using the Visual Basic runtime seems to cause people to enter into a holy war, so to explain this:
First, taking the example of Right(); yes, in the end, it will call upon String.Substring(). It's doing a bit more than that, which in many cases helps to make sure you code is more stable. Here is basically what the code looks like.
Public Shared Function Right(ByVal value As String, ByVal length As Integer) As String If (length < length =" 0" integer =" value.Length">= size) Then Return value End If Return value.Substring(size - length, length) End Function
By using Right, you don't have to worry about whether or not the value is nothing or even if the size you want is within the range. However, if this is important to you, then by all means, use Substring directly. I added the "where appropriate" because I think there are some areas where it makes more sense to use the objects (String for example) method over the runtime method. The main point here is to not be afraid to utilize these methods and if you don't use them, be sure you are aware of the reason as to why you aren't.
The second reason is that this suggestion is shared by members of the VB team; obviously they worked hard to make these available in order to make our development life more productive and I don't blame them for wanting to see the fruits of their labor leveraged by us. In addition, I'm constantly seeing false information being spread regarding the "non-use" of the runtime and how it's not the ".NET" way. These are every bit a part of the .NET Framework as say Windows Forms, ADO.NET, ASP.NET, etc. and should be given as much, if not more, consideration in being leveraged, especially by VB.NET developers.
Third, the compiler is able to optimize the code when you leverage several of these and my guess is this will improve over time. Not using these puts that responsibility on you, the developer and you don't gain any of these benefits in the current and future compiler. This is a minor point, but one I feel I should mention for completeness.
In the end, use whatever you are most comfortable with. Just be aware that it's not "wrong" to leverage the runtime, in fact, in many cases its significantly better than trying to do the same task on your own. To be fair, there are some areas in the VB runtime that don't perform that well; in those instances, you have to decide whether performance is your key concern and if it is, for those instances (and, this part is key, if it truly is a bottleneck), find an alternate solution. Performance is a completely different subject and there is no one right answer.
2.12 Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility
Do not use any methods within the Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility namespace. This namespace is not to be confused with Microsoft.VisualBasic; I encourage you to use these timesaving tidbits. If your project contains a reference to the Microsoft.VisualBasic. Compatibility.dll, remove it and replace any methods that have become invalid with methods either from the Microsoft.VisualBasic or System namespaces.
2.13 Other Considerations
The following are general considerations that you should keep in mind.
Use collections instead of arrays when returning a group of data from a method.
Use events instead of overriding methods. For example, use the Paint event instead of overriding OnPaint.
Avoid requiring the orchestration of multiple objects to do a single job.
Avoid performing operations within properties, use properties to set state. Configure an object through its properties and then use its methods to do the work.
Try to gather items in a namespace that directly relate to each other. Try to avoid putting too many classes under a general category as it creates intellisense noise for developers trying to find something.

Risk Management

So you have been asked to put together a project risk management plan. No idea where to start. Here is a brief guide to putting together a risk management plan.
Project Risk Management
A risk is something that may happen and if it does, will have an adverse impact on the project. A few points here. "That may happen" implies a probability of less then 100%. If it has a probability of 100% - in other words it will happen - it is an issue. An issue is managed differently to a risk and we will handle issue management in a later white paper. A risk must also have a probability something above 0%. It must be a chance to happen or it is not a risk.

The second thing to consider from the definition is "will have an adverse impact". If it will not have an adverse impact, it is not a risk. Suppose we said a risk was that we would find the project less complicated than we thought, and could finish early. Unless finishing early has an adverse effect on the project, it is not a risk.
Risk Management Plan
There are four stages to risk management planning. They are: ·
Risk Identification
Risks Quantification
Risk Response
Risk Monitoring and Control
Risk Identification
In this stage, we identify and name the risks. The best approach is a workshop with business and IT people to carry out the identification. Use a combination of brainstorming and reviewing of standard risk lists.
There are different sorts of risks and we need to decide on a project by project basis what to do about each type.
Business risks are ongoing risks that are best handled by the business. An example is that if the project cannot meet end of financial year deadline, the business area may need to retain their existing accounting system for another year. The response is likely to be a contingency plan developed by the business, to use the existing system for another year.
Generic risks are risks to all projects. For example the risk that business users might not be available and requirements may be incomplete. Each organisation will develop standard responses to generic risks.
Risks should be defined in two parts. The first is the cause of the situation (Vendor not meeting deadline, Business users not available, etc.). The second part is the impact (Budget will be exceeded, Milestones not achieved, etc.). Hence a risk might be defined as "The vendor not meeting deadline will mean that budget will be exceeded". If this format is used, it is easy to remove duplicates, and understand the risk.
Risk Quantification
Risk need to be quantified in two dimensions. The impact of the risk needs to be assessed. The probability of the risk occurring needs to be assessed. For simplicity, rate each on a 1 to 4 scale. The larger the number, the larger the impact or probability. By using a matrix, a priority can be established.

Note that if probability is high, and impact is low, it is a Medium risk. On the other hand if impact is high, and probability low, it is High priority. A remote chance of a catastrophe warrants more attention than a high chance of a hiccup.
Risk Response
There are four things you can do about a risk. The strategies are:
Avoid the risk. Do something to remove it. Use another supplier for example.
Transfer the risk. Make someone else responsible. Perhaps a Vendor can be made responsible for a particularly risky part of the project.
Mitigate the risk. Take actions to lessen the impact or chance of the risk occurring. If the risk relates to availability of resources, draw up an agreement and get sign-off for the resource to be available.
Accept the risk. The risk might be so small the effort to do anything is not worth while.
A risk response plan should include the strategy and action items to address the strategy. The actions should include what needs to be done, who is doing it, and when it should be completed.
Risk Control
The final step is to continually monitor risks to identify any change in the status, or if they turn into an issue. It is best to hold regular risk reviews to identify actions outstanding, risk probability and impact, remove risks that have passed, and identify new risks.
Summary
Risk management is not a complex task. If you follow the four steps, you can put together a risk management plan for a project in a short space of time. Without a plan, the success of the project, and your reputation as a Project Manager, are on the line. Follow these steps and you will increase your chances of success.