Dear All
I know you are enjoying this site. so i have done following changes on my site.
If you want to view in English
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Wednesday, July 30, 2008
Monday, July 21, 2008
Nipat Gaye Dono
Aakhir dono log nipat hi gaye. Ladies and Gentleman please post some comment for them. Wish them for their happy marriage lifeAutoLisp Language
AutoLISP is a dialect of Lisp programming language built specifically for use with the full version of AutoCAD and its derivatives, which include Autodesk Map 3D and Autodesk Architectural Desktop. Neither the application programming interface nor the interpreter to execute AutoLISP code are included in the AutoCAD LT product line, except in add-ons such as "LT-Extender".
AutoLISP is a small, dynamically scoped LISP (list processing language). It lacks modern LISP features such as a macro system, settable list structure or let bindings. Aside from the core language, most of the primitive functions are for geometry or the manipulation of graphical entities in AutoCAD. The properties of these graphical entities are revealed to AutoLISP as association lists in which AutoCAD "group codes" are paired with values that indicate properties such as points, radii, colors, layers, linetypes, etc.
AutoLISP code can interact with the user through primitive functions that allow the user to input points, selection sets, numbers and other data. AutoLisp also has a built in GUI mini-language, the Dialog Control Language, for creating interactive forms within AutoCAD.
; example of macro without command-line interface exposed
(defun hello_world ()
(alert "Hello World!"))
; example of macro with command-line interface hidden
(defun c:hello_world ()
(alert "Hello World!")
(princ))
; example of LISP's flexible condition handling
(cond
((= a b) (princ "\n(a) and (b) are equal"))
((and (= (type a) 'INT) (= (type b) 'INT))
(princ (strcat "\n(a)+(b)=" (itoa (+ a b)))))
((and (= (type a) 'STR) (= (type b) 'STR))
(princ (strcat "\n(a)+(b)=" a b)))
((and (listp a) (= (type b) 'SUBR))
(mapcar '(lambda (x) (princ (b x))) a)))
AutoLISP was derived from a very early version of XLISP, which was created by David Betz. The language was appropriated (stolen)[citation needed] by Autodesk for use in AutoCAD Version 2.18 in January 1986, and continued to be enhanced in successive releases up to Release 13 in February 1995. After that, its development was neglected by Autodesk in favor of more fashionable development environments (VBA, and Object ARX)[citation needed]. However, it has remained AutoCAD's primary user customization language.
Visual-LISP, a considerably enhanced version of AutoLISP including an IDE, debugger, and compiler, was developed and sold by third party developer Basis Software. Vital LISP was a superset of the existing AutoLISP language that added VBA-like access to the AutoCAD object model, reactors (event handling for AutoCAD objects), general ActiveX support, and some other general Lisp functions. Autodesk purchased this, renamed it Visual LISP, and briefly sold it as an add-on to AutoCAD 14 released in May 1997. It was incorporated into AutoCAD 2000 released in March 1999, as a replacement for AutoLISP. Since then Autodesk has chosen to halt major enhancements to Visual LISP in favor of focusing more effort on VBA and ObjectARX.
AutoLISP has such a strong following that other CAD application vendors added it to their own products. FelixCAD, BricsCad, IntelliCAD and others have AutoLISP functionality, so that AutoLISP users can consider using them as an alternative to AutoCAD. Most development involving AutoLISP since AutoCAD 2000 is actually performed within Visual LISP since the original AutoLISP engine was replaced with the Visual LISP engine. There are thousands of utilities and applications that have been developed using AutoLISP or Visual LISP.
AutoLISP is a small, dynamically scoped LISP (list processing language). It lacks modern LISP features such as a macro system, settable list structure or let bindings. Aside from the core language, most of the primitive functions are for geometry or the manipulation of graphical entities in AutoCAD. The properties of these graphical entities are revealed to AutoLISP as association lists in which AutoCAD "group codes" are paired with values that indicate properties such as points, radii, colors, layers, linetypes, etc.
AutoLISP code can interact with the user through primitive functions that allow the user to input points, selection sets, numbers and other data. AutoLisp also has a built in GUI mini-language, the Dialog Control Language, for creating interactive forms within AutoCAD.
; example of macro without command-line interface exposed
(defun hello_world ()
(alert "Hello World!"))
; example of macro with command-line interface hidden
(defun c:hello_world ()
(alert "Hello World!")
(princ))
; example of LISP's flexible condition handling
(cond
((= a b) (princ "\n(a) and (b) are equal"))
((and (= (type a) 'INT) (= (type b) 'INT))
(princ (strcat "\n(a)+(b)=" (itoa (+ a b)))))
((and (= (type a) 'STR) (= (type b) 'STR))
(princ (strcat "\n(a)+(b)=" a b)))
((and (listp a) (= (type b) 'SUBR))
(mapcar '(lambda (x) (princ (b x))) a)))
AutoLISP was derived from a very early version of XLISP, which was created by David Betz. The language was appropriated (stolen)[citation needed] by Autodesk for use in AutoCAD Version 2.18 in January 1986, and continued to be enhanced in successive releases up to Release 13 in February 1995. After that, its development was neglected by Autodesk in favor of more fashionable development environments (VBA, and Object ARX)[citation needed]. However, it has remained AutoCAD's primary user customization language.
Visual-LISP, a considerably enhanced version of AutoLISP including an IDE, debugger, and compiler, was developed and sold by third party developer Basis Software. Vital LISP was a superset of the existing AutoLISP language that added VBA-like access to the AutoCAD object model, reactors (event handling for AutoCAD objects), general ActiveX support, and some other general Lisp functions. Autodesk purchased this, renamed it Visual LISP, and briefly sold it as an add-on to AutoCAD 14 released in May 1997. It was incorporated into AutoCAD 2000 released in March 1999, as a replacement for AutoLISP. Since then Autodesk has chosen to halt major enhancements to Visual LISP in favor of focusing more effort on VBA and ObjectARX.
AutoLISP has such a strong following that other CAD application vendors added it to their own products. FelixCAD, BricsCad, IntelliCAD and others have AutoLISP functionality, so that AutoLISP users can consider using them as an alternative to AutoCAD. Most development involving AutoLISP since AutoCAD 2000 is actually performed within Visual LISP since the original AutoLISP engine was replaced with the Visual LISP engine. There are thousands of utilities and applications that have been developed using AutoLISP or Visual LISP.
Saturday, July 19, 2008
10 Points of Green Tea
.. About Green Tea
1. Green tea, consumed throughout the ages in India, China, Japan, and Thailand and used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine
2. Green tea is made from unfermented leaves and contains the highest concentration of polyphenols, chemicals that act as powerful antioxidants
3. The healthful properties of green tea are largely attributed to polyphenols, chemicals with potent antioxidant properties
4. Antioxidants in green tea has the ability to lower total cholesterol and raise HDL ("good") cholesterol
5. Japan, where green tea is regularly consumed tend to have low cancer rates. Polyphenols in green tea helps the prevention of cancer and help kill cancerous cells and stop its progression
6. By drinking green tea, one study found that women were less likely to develop bladder cancer
7. Researchers found that women who consumed the most green tea experienced the least spread of cancer
8. Weight Loss: green tea extract boost metabolism - polyphenols, specifically the catechins, are responsible for the herb's fat-burning effect
9. Green tea has been used traditionally to control blood sugar in the body, prevent the development of type 1 diabetes and slow the progression once it has developed
10. Green tea extracts also stimulate genes that cause cells to be less sensitive to chemotherapy drugs. Due to this potential interaction, green tea should not be taken while receiving chemotherapy
1. Green tea, consumed throughout the ages in India, China, Japan, and Thailand and used in traditional Chinese and Indian medicine
2. Green tea is made from unfermented leaves and contains the highest concentration of polyphenols, chemicals that act as powerful antioxidants
3. The healthful properties of green tea are largely attributed to polyphenols, chemicals with potent antioxidant properties
4. Antioxidants in green tea has the ability to lower total cholesterol and raise HDL ("good") cholesterol
5. Japan, where green tea is regularly consumed tend to have low cancer rates. Polyphenols in green tea helps the prevention of cancer and help kill cancerous cells and stop its progression
6. By drinking green tea, one study found that women were less likely to develop bladder cancer
7. Researchers found that women who consumed the most green tea experienced the least spread of cancer
8. Weight Loss: green tea extract boost metabolism - polyphenols, specifically the catechins, are responsible for the herb's fat-burning effect
9. Green tea has been used traditionally to control blood sugar in the body, prevent the development of type 1 diabetes and slow the progression once it has developed
10. Green tea extracts also stimulate genes that cause cells to be less sensitive to chemotherapy drugs. Due to this potential interaction, green tea should not be taken while receiving chemotherapy
10 Point of Yogurt
yogurt
1. Yogurt has long been touted as the ultimate health food, purportedly contributing to better digestion, improved nutrition, reduced cholesterol, and protection from cancer.
2. In scientific studies those who received the bacteria-containing milk demonstrated enhanced immune activity.
3. People who are lactose-intolerant can enjoy yogurt without ill effects, because the lactose in the milk precursor is converted to lactic acid by the bacterial culture
4. One study suggests that eating yogurt containing L. acidophilus helps prevent vulvovaginal candidiasis, though the evidence is not conclusive.
5. The earliest yogurts were probably spontaneously fermented by wild bacteria living on the goat skin bags carried by the Bulgars (or Hunno-Bulgars), a nomadic people
6. yogurt is made by introducing specific bacteria strains into milk, which is subsequently fermented under controlled temperatures and environmental conditions
7. The bacteria ingest natural milk sugars and release lactic acid as a waste product
8. The increased acidity (pH=4–5) also prevents the proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacteria.
9. A small amount of live yogurt can be used to inoculate a new batch of yogurt, as the bacteria reproduce and multiply during fermentation
10. To make yogurt boil then cool milk, add two full table spoons of live yogurt to a half litre of the cooled milk. Incubate at about 45c (+or – 4c) for 8-12 hours, then refrigerate.
1. Yogurt has long been touted as the ultimate health food, purportedly contributing to better digestion, improved nutrition, reduced cholesterol, and protection from cancer.
2. In scientific studies those who received the bacteria-containing milk demonstrated enhanced immune activity.
3. People who are lactose-intolerant can enjoy yogurt without ill effects, because the lactose in the milk precursor is converted to lactic acid by the bacterial culture
4. One study suggests that eating yogurt containing L. acidophilus helps prevent vulvovaginal candidiasis, though the evidence is not conclusive.
5. The earliest yogurts were probably spontaneously fermented by wild bacteria living on the goat skin bags carried by the Bulgars (or Hunno-Bulgars), a nomadic people
6. yogurt is made by introducing specific bacteria strains into milk, which is subsequently fermented under controlled temperatures and environmental conditions
7. The bacteria ingest natural milk sugars and release lactic acid as a waste product
8. The increased acidity (pH=4–5) also prevents the proliferation of potentially pathogenic bacteria.
9. A small amount of live yogurt can be used to inoculate a new batch of yogurt, as the bacteria reproduce and multiply during fermentation
10. To make yogurt boil then cool milk, add two full table spoons of live yogurt to a half litre of the cooled milk. Incubate at about 45c (+or – 4c) for 8-12 hours, then refrigerate.
I am Sorry but you really don't know this
1. Coca-Cola was originally green. 2. The most common name in the world is Mohammed. 3. The name of all the Continents ends with the same letter that they start with. 4. The strongest muscle in the body is the tongue. 5. Women blink nearly twice as much as men! 6. You can't kill yourself by holding your breath.. 7. If you sneeze too hard, you can fracture a rib. If you try to Suppress a sneeze; you can rupture a blood vessel in your head or neck and die. 8. Each king in a deck of playing cards represents great king from History. "Spades" - King David; "Clubs" - Alexander the Great; " Hearts" - Charlemagne; "Diamonds" - Julius Caesar. 9. 111,111,111 x 111,111,111 = 12,345,678,987,654,321 10. Shakespeare invented the word 'assassination' and 'bump'.
I Love you India
1. Largest democracy in the world
2. Has the biggest film industry in the world
3. Aryabhatta was the scientist who invented the digit zero
4. India has the most post offices in the world
5. The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC
6. Ayurveda is the earliest known school of medicine 2500 years ago
7. The word 'Navigation' is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH
8. India is home to several major rivers, including the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna
9. Indian's contribute just 1 ton of C02 per capita as opposed to 9 for UK and 20 for USA
10. The main religion Hinduism believes in One Supreme God projecting as many different Deities
2. Has the biggest film industry in the world
3. Aryabhatta was the scientist who invented the digit zero
4. India has the most post offices in the world
5. The World's first university was established in Takshila in 700 BC
6. Ayurveda is the earliest known school of medicine 2500 years ago
7. The word 'Navigation' is derived from the Sanskrit word NAVGATIH
8. India is home to several major rivers, including the Ganges, the Brahmaputra, the Yamuna
9. Indian's contribute just 1 ton of C02 per capita as opposed to 9 for UK and 20 for USA
10. The main religion Hinduism believes in One Supreme God projecting as many different Deities
Uttar Pradesh Visiting places.
Agra The 'Taj Mahal', the world's greatest wonder built by Shahjahan is in Agra. Built in white marble, it is the enduring monument of love. The excellent specimen of Mughal architecture can be seen in Agra. The famous fort of Agra and palaces in Fatehpur-Sikri were built by Akbar. Notable monuments built during Jahangir's reign were the mausoleums of Akbar at Sikandara and of Etmad-ud-daula. Besides these, the shrine of Shia saint Qazi Nurullah 'Shastri' who came to India from Iran during Jahangir's reign, is also located in Agra.
· Ayodhya Ayodhya is among the seven great cities of India. It has the distinction of being the birthplace of Lord Ram. It was also the capital of famous Ikshwaku kings. There are a number of places in Ayodhya which are said to be associated with Lord Ram, Sita and Dashrath.
· Barsana Barsana is situated 10 km. south of Kosi on Agra-Delhi road. It has the distinction of being the birhtplace of Radha, the beloved of Lord Kishna. Its original name was Brahma Sarini. Four prominent peaks are considered to symbolize divinity and adorn the temples constructed in honour of Ladliji, a local name of Radha. A fair is held here every year on the occasion of Radhashtmi.
· Bahraich This has the Dargah of Syed Salar Masood Ghazi, who came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni.
· Bhrigu Mandir
It is the place where Dardar Muni, son of Bhrigu, son of Lord Brahma, undertook penance. The famous Dadri fair of India is held here in his memory on the occasion of Kartik Purima every year.
· BhitargaonIt is situated in Narwal Tehsil of Kanpur district about 32 km. south of Kanpur. It has a temple of the Gupta period. Built of bricks, it is considered to be an excellent specimen of the Gupta architecture.
· Bithoor Situated about 21 km. north-west of Kanpur city, on the banks of the Ganga, Bithoor is important both from the historical and religious points of view. Its ancient name was Brhmavarta Tirth. According to popular belief, Maharshi Valmiki, the author of Ramayan, had his Ashram here. A fair is held here on Kartik Purnima day.
· Chunar Inside the Chunar Fort is a temple dedicated to Bhartrihari, built by Adi Vlikramaditya. Close by is the Koop temple of the Vallabh sect, where Sri Vitthalnathji had his Gaddi.
· Chitrakoot Chitrakoot is situated on Jhansi-Manikpur railway line about 80 km. south-east of Banda on the bank of river Mandakini. Lord Ram stayed here for some time on way to his exile-in-forest. The Sitapur here has a chain of 24 ghats along the river. Of these, Raghav Prayag, Kailash Ghat, Ram Ghat and Dhritikalpa Ghat are considered especially sacred. It is said that lord Ram lived in the Parnakuti near Ramghat. Three km. from here are the ashrams of Sati Anisuiya and Maharshi Atri. In a hill region, Mandarachal, from where the Mandakini originates, there are temples dedicated to Anisuiya, Atri, Dattatreya and Hanuman. About 3.30 km. away from Sitapur is the beautiful Janki Kund. Near Janki Kund is the Sphatik Shila (rock crystal). Also, there is Bharat Koop, which has the holy waters collected from all the sacred rivers.
· Chakra TirthChakra Tirth is foremost among the centers of pilgrimage in Naimish. It is said that a circular pond was created when the Divine Chakra built by Lord Brahma fell on the ground.
· DeograhThe famous Dashavatar temple is situated here.
· Devipatan It has the famous temple of Pateshwari Devi . It is said that the statues of the deity in the temple was installed by Emperor Vikramaditya.
· Dauji Dauji has the famous temple of Baldau (Dauji), the elder brother of Lord Krishna. Two fairs are held here every year.
· Deoband It has a famous temple dedicated to Goddess Durga.
· Dewa Sharif The Mazar of famous Sufi saint Waris Ali Shah is situated in Dewa about 40 km. from Bara Banki. A big fair is held every year in the month of Kartik.
· DwarahatIt has the three clusters of temples known as 'Kach-hari', 'Maniyan' and 'Ratnadev'. Most of the temples are without statues. It also has a temple of Gujardev which is an excellent specimen of art.
· Fatehpur-Sikri It has the mausoleum of the famous saint Sheikh Salim chishti. The mausoleum is in the premises of a mosque and was built during the reign of Akbar.
· Garh Mukteshwar Situated on the right bank of the Ganga, 42 km. from Meerut, Garh Mukteshwar was a suburb of Hastinnapur in ancient times. There is a temple of Mukteshwar Shiva here. Close to the temple is the ancient Jharkhandeshwar Shiva-ling. A fair is held here on Kartik Purnima.
· Govardhan There is a beautiful temple of Haridev near the vast lake known as the sacred Manasi Ganga. This temple was built by Raja Bhagwan Das of Amber during the reign of Akbar.
· Gola Gokaran NathPleased by the penance done by Ravana in the Treta Yug, Lord Shiva directed him to install a Shiva-ling in Lanka with the instruction that it should not be kept on land anywhere before installation. On the way Ravana left the Shiva-ling for some time with a devotee who was not able to bear its weight, placed it on the land. The Shiva-ling got installed there. On coming back, Ravana got very angry and pressed the ling with his thumb. The ling took the shape of human ear. It is on this basis that the place was called Gola Gokaran Nath.
· Gorakhnath Temple The Gorakhnath temple is situated at the place where Mahayogi Gorakhnath distributed 'Khichri' as Prasad and performed miracle. Since then the city is known as Gorkhpur after the name of the Mahayogi.
· Hastinapur This city was the capital of the Pandavas. A big fair is held here on Kartik Purnima. It also has a famous Jain pilgrim centre. It was here that king Shreyans donated 'ikshuras' to the first Jain Tirthankar, 'Rishabhdev'. Hence, it is known as 'Dan (donations) Tirth'.
· Jain Shwtembar TempleThe main deity in the grand temple is Lord Vimalnath seated on a high edestal. There are symbols of four Kalyanaks in the four corners of the temple.
· Jain Digamber TempleIt has the statue of the original Lord Vimalnath. It is estimated that this statue is several hundred years old. There are also a number of small temples, ruins and old wells.· JaunpurJaupur was founded by Feroze Shah Tughlaq in 1359 A.D. Famous buildings constructed here by Sharqi rulers include the Fort, Attala Masjid, Jama Masjid and Lal Darwaza Masjid.
· Kanva Ashram Kanva Ashram is now called Chowkighat. The Sacred area spread from Kanva Ashram to Nanda Giri is known as Badrinath Mandal.
· Katarmal The famous Surya temple of Uttarakhand is situated here. The image of the Surya in the temple is a creation of 12th century AD. The statues of Shiva-Parvati, Lakshmi-Narayan and Nrisingh are also there in the temple.
· Kankhal The main temple of this city is of Daksheshwar Mahadev on its northern border. A Hanuman temple is also situated here.
· Kalpi The place is famous for its Vyas Tila and Nrisingh Tila. The common belief is that Lord Vyas had his Ashram here and Lord Nrisingh appeared on Nrishingh Tila to protect Prahlad.
· Kaushambi It is a famous pilgrim centre both of the Buddhists and the Jains. A number of ancient images have been discovered during excavations here.
· KannaujThe old name of the city was Kanyakubja. The importance of Kanyakubja increased in the seventh century when Emperor Harshavardhan established his sovereignty here. Yuan-Chwang has given a description of the city during the reign of Harsha. This centre of archaeology, art and culture is also famous for its scents (Ittra). Old ruins, temples and mosques of Kannauj date back thousands of years.
· Kampil This small town, hiding within the mysterious folds of India's long history, has been known since ancient times as the captivating casket of philosophy, religion and culture. It is mentioned in various forms, contexts and backdrops in Vishnu Puran, Jataks, Ramayan and Uttaradhyayan Sutra and other works and reports. This pilgrim centre is the birthplace of thirteenth Jain Tirthankar Lord Vimalnath, Mahasati Draupadi and Guru Dronacharya.
· Kapil Muni AshramA cave has been discovered here during excavations in which there are some statues and things used in worship.
· Kushinagar Kushinagar is one among important Buddhist centres. Lord Buddha attained 'Nirvan' here. An ancient 'Nirvan Stupa' has been found here in excavation. Several 'Vihars' and temples of the Gupta age have also been found in excavation here. The old name of Kushinagar was Vaseya. A fair is held here on Buddha Purima.
· LucknowAccording to the legend, the city of Lucknow was founded by Lakshman, younger brother of Lord Ram, and its ancient name was Lakshmanpuri. There is an old mound here which is known as the Lakshman Tila. Asaf-ud-dawla built the Roomi Darwaza and the Imambara. The Asafi Mosque, Daulatkhana, the Residency, Bibiapur Kothi and Chowk market were also built by Asaf-ud-daula. The famous Chhatar Manzil was constructed by Nasir-ud-din Haider which now houses the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI). The Martyr's Memorial was erected in memory of freedom fighters. The Zoological and National Botanical Gardens are also places worth seeing. There is also the Mazar of famous Muslim saint, Shah Mina.
· LakhamandalLakhamandal derives its name from the discovery of lakhs of statues here. Some important rock inscriptions have also been found here in excation.
· LodheswarLodheshwar is in Bara Banki district and has a temple dedicated to lodheshwar Mahadev.
· MathuraMathura it is one of the seven great cities. Madhuban near the present mathura was earlier ruled by Madhu and his son, Lavan. Madhuban or Madhupuri was founded after the name of Madhu. Shatrughan, the brother of Lord Ram, killed Lavan and gave a new form to the city. Lord Krishna belonging to the Yadav clan of Chandravanshis was born here. Lakhs of pilgrims come here every year to visit the Dwarikadhish temple and Vishramghat.
· Maghar Saint-poet Kabir breathed his last here. His Samadhi/Mazar, a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity, is situated here.
· MisrikhLegend is that Maharshi Dadhichi bathed here in water brought from all the Tirths before donating his bones. Hence, its name Mishrit or Misrikh. The ashram of Maharshi Dadhichi and Sita Kund are other places of attraction here.
· Nandgaon Nandgaon is situated at the foot of a hillock about 48 km from Mathura. Nand Baba had his house here. On the top of the hillock is a big temple. The place is held very sacred by the Hindus.
· NaimisharanyaIt was at this place that for establishing Dharma on the earth, the Gods requested Maharshi Dadhichi to give his bones for preparing a weapon to kill the Demon Vrittrasur. Naimisharnaya was a centre of spriitual development. There are many places of pilgrimage (Tirth) in Naimisharanya.
· Nanda Devi After Gauri Shankar, it is the highest mountain peak in the world.
· Prayag Situated at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuan, Prayag, known as the "Tirthraj" is the famous pilgrims’ centre of India. Here a Kumbh Mela takes place every twelfth year and an Ardh-Kumbh every sixth year. The ashram of sage Bharadwaj and the ancient Akshayvat are also situated here. There is a fort at the Sangam which was built by Akbar.
· Pindari Glacier Flowers of varied hues, beautiful forests and snows are the main attractions. The Pindar river also originates from this glacier.
· Rajapur The great saint-poet Tulsidas is said to have been born here. A beautiful memorial has been built here on behalf of the Tulsi smarak samiti. In Rameshwardham temple, Shatrughan, younger brother of Lord Ram, had installed the Shiva-ling brought from Lanka here. Sita used to worship this Shiva-ling daily during her stay in Ashok Vatika.
· RanikhetThe main attraction of Ranikhet is its sylvan surroundings. This hill resort can easily be reached from Almora and Naini Tal also. It has many beautiful spots, pine forests and fruit orchards. Not far away is the Chaubatia Government Gardens. It has an excellent Golf Course. A rope-way has also been built here.
· SankisaIt was called Sankasya in ancient times. The Chinese traveller, Yuan-Chwang has described it as 'Kapittha'. There are certain relics on a mound here. According to the Buddhists, Lord Buddha had descended on earth at this place. The place is also held sacred by the Hindus. A Shravani Mela is held here every year.
· Sarnath Sarnath occupies a very important place among Buddhist Shrines. After Enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, the Buddha preached his first sermon in Mrigdav (Sarnath). Remains of several ancient Vihars and temples have been found here in excavations. The Archaeological Museum here is also an important place to visit.
· ShringirampurSituated on the south bank of the Ganga in Farrukhabad district, Shringiramapur has a temple dedicated to shringi Rishi. Fairs are held here on the occasion of Kartik Purnima and Dussehra.
· Shakumbhari DeviThis ancient temple is situated at a place 41.6 km. from Saharanpur. The Shakumbhari Devi temple is surrounded by hills on all sides. A fair is held here on the occasion of Navaratri.
· Sri Lalita Devi TempleIt is close to the Chakra Tirth. It is said that a divine power called Lalita appeared here by the order of Brhma and holding the Brhma's Chakra by its top, made it stand erect. This temple has great importance for the devotees.
· Shravasti According to Pauranic lore, Shravasti, was founded by Suryavanshi king Shravast. The Buddhist scriptures describe it as one of the six prominent cities of India. The city is also an important centre of Jains. It was also the second capital of Kosal.
· Soron Soron or Shooker-Kshetra is one of the famous pilgrim centres of India. According to the Pauranic lore, at the time of creation, the earth appeared first of all at this place. There is a temple of Lord Varah here in which a colossal image of Varah is installed and nearby is the Varah Ghat on Haripadi.
· Sri Hanuman Garhi and Panch PandavThere is a colossal statue of Lord Hanuman here. According to the legend, after killing Ahiravan, Lord Hanuman appeared here along with Lord Ram and Lakshaman. Here also is a temple of the Pandavas. Pandavas stayed here during their period of secret abode.
· Shukra Tal Maharshi Shukracharya a narrated the story of Mahabharat to King Parikshit under a banyan tree here.
· Tapovan Lakshman Jhola is the main attraction of the place. There is also a Lakshman temple and an ancient temple of Lord Vishnu. At some distance is the Swargashram. There is also a Rameshwar temple at this place.
· Varanasi (Kashi)Varanasi is among the most ancient cities of the world. It derives its name two rivers-Varuna and Assi. The present Kashi has many beautiful temples which include the famous Vishwanath temple, Annapurana temple, Vishweshvar, Sakshi Vinayak and Panchratna temples. Among the 'Kunds' and 'Vapis', notable are Durga Kund, Pushkar Kund, Pishach Mochan, Kapildhara, Lolark, Mansarovar and Mandakini. It has a number of ghats, famous among them being Assi, Harishchandra, AhilyaBai, Dashashwamedha and Manikarnika.
· Vrindavan There are about 4, 000 temples, ghats and sarovars in Vrindava. The Govind Dev temple is very beautiful and grand. It was built by Raja Man Sing of Jaipur in 1500 AD. In front of this is the grand temple of Rangnath built of white stone in the Dravidian style. Other famous temples are Behariji temple, Radhavallabh temple, Radharaman temple, Gopinath temple, Shahji temple, Ashta Sakhi temple etc. Nidhivan and Sewakunj are famous forest resorts and Vashivat, Kalidah and Keshgat are important ghats of the Yamuna in Vrindavan.
· Vindhyachal The famous temple of Vindhyavasini Devi is located here. A great fair is held here during Nav-ratri.
· Ayodhya Ayodhya is among the seven great cities of India. It has the distinction of being the birthplace of Lord Ram. It was also the capital of famous Ikshwaku kings. There are a number of places in Ayodhya which are said to be associated with Lord Ram, Sita and Dashrath.
· Barsana Barsana is situated 10 km. south of Kosi on Agra-Delhi road. It has the distinction of being the birhtplace of Radha, the beloved of Lord Kishna. Its original name was Brahma Sarini. Four prominent peaks are considered to symbolize divinity and adorn the temples constructed in honour of Ladliji, a local name of Radha. A fair is held here every year on the occasion of Radhashtmi.
· Bahraich This has the Dargah of Syed Salar Masood Ghazi, who came to India along with Mahmud of Ghazni.
· Bhrigu Mandir
It is the place where Dardar Muni, son of Bhrigu, son of Lord Brahma, undertook penance. The famous Dadri fair of India is held here in his memory on the occasion of Kartik Purima every year.
· BhitargaonIt is situated in Narwal Tehsil of Kanpur district about 32 km. south of Kanpur. It has a temple of the Gupta period. Built of bricks, it is considered to be an excellent specimen of the Gupta architecture.
· Bithoor Situated about 21 km. north-west of Kanpur city, on the banks of the Ganga, Bithoor is important both from the historical and religious points of view. Its ancient name was Brhmavarta Tirth. According to popular belief, Maharshi Valmiki, the author of Ramayan, had his Ashram here. A fair is held here on Kartik Purnima day.
· Chunar Inside the Chunar Fort is a temple dedicated to Bhartrihari, built by Adi Vlikramaditya. Close by is the Koop temple of the Vallabh sect, where Sri Vitthalnathji had his Gaddi.
· Chitrakoot Chitrakoot is situated on Jhansi-Manikpur railway line about 80 km. south-east of Banda on the bank of river Mandakini. Lord Ram stayed here for some time on way to his exile-in-forest. The Sitapur here has a chain of 24 ghats along the river. Of these, Raghav Prayag, Kailash Ghat, Ram Ghat and Dhritikalpa Ghat are considered especially sacred. It is said that lord Ram lived in the Parnakuti near Ramghat. Three km. from here are the ashrams of Sati Anisuiya and Maharshi Atri. In a hill region, Mandarachal, from where the Mandakini originates, there are temples dedicated to Anisuiya, Atri, Dattatreya and Hanuman. About 3.30 km. away from Sitapur is the beautiful Janki Kund. Near Janki Kund is the Sphatik Shila (rock crystal). Also, there is Bharat Koop, which has the holy waters collected from all the sacred rivers.
· Chakra TirthChakra Tirth is foremost among the centers of pilgrimage in Naimish. It is said that a circular pond was created when the Divine Chakra built by Lord Brahma fell on the ground.
· DeograhThe famous Dashavatar temple is situated here.
· Devipatan It has the famous temple of Pateshwari Devi . It is said that the statues of the deity in the temple was installed by Emperor Vikramaditya.
· Dauji Dauji has the famous temple of Baldau (Dauji), the elder brother of Lord Krishna. Two fairs are held here every year.
· Deoband It has a famous temple dedicated to Goddess Durga.
· Dewa Sharif The Mazar of famous Sufi saint Waris Ali Shah is situated in Dewa about 40 km. from Bara Banki. A big fair is held every year in the month of Kartik.
· DwarahatIt has the three clusters of temples known as 'Kach-hari', 'Maniyan' and 'Ratnadev'. Most of the temples are without statues. It also has a temple of Gujardev which is an excellent specimen of art.
· Fatehpur-Sikri It has the mausoleum of the famous saint Sheikh Salim chishti. The mausoleum is in the premises of a mosque and was built during the reign of Akbar.
· Garh Mukteshwar Situated on the right bank of the Ganga, 42 km. from Meerut, Garh Mukteshwar was a suburb of Hastinnapur in ancient times. There is a temple of Mukteshwar Shiva here. Close to the temple is the ancient Jharkhandeshwar Shiva-ling. A fair is held here on Kartik Purnima.
· Govardhan There is a beautiful temple of Haridev near the vast lake known as the sacred Manasi Ganga. This temple was built by Raja Bhagwan Das of Amber during the reign of Akbar.
· Gola Gokaran NathPleased by the penance done by Ravana in the Treta Yug, Lord Shiva directed him to install a Shiva-ling in Lanka with the instruction that it should not be kept on land anywhere before installation. On the way Ravana left the Shiva-ling for some time with a devotee who was not able to bear its weight, placed it on the land. The Shiva-ling got installed there. On coming back, Ravana got very angry and pressed the ling with his thumb. The ling took the shape of human ear. It is on this basis that the place was called Gola Gokaran Nath.
· Gorakhnath Temple The Gorakhnath temple is situated at the place where Mahayogi Gorakhnath distributed 'Khichri' as Prasad and performed miracle. Since then the city is known as Gorkhpur after the name of the Mahayogi.
· Hastinapur This city was the capital of the Pandavas. A big fair is held here on Kartik Purnima. It also has a famous Jain pilgrim centre. It was here that king Shreyans donated 'ikshuras' to the first Jain Tirthankar, 'Rishabhdev'. Hence, it is known as 'Dan (donations) Tirth'.
· Jain Shwtembar TempleThe main deity in the grand temple is Lord Vimalnath seated on a high edestal. There are symbols of four Kalyanaks in the four corners of the temple.
· Jain Digamber TempleIt has the statue of the original Lord Vimalnath. It is estimated that this statue is several hundred years old. There are also a number of small temples, ruins and old wells.· JaunpurJaupur was founded by Feroze Shah Tughlaq in 1359 A.D. Famous buildings constructed here by Sharqi rulers include the Fort, Attala Masjid, Jama Masjid and Lal Darwaza Masjid.
· Kanva Ashram Kanva Ashram is now called Chowkighat. The Sacred area spread from Kanva Ashram to Nanda Giri is known as Badrinath Mandal.
· Katarmal The famous Surya temple of Uttarakhand is situated here. The image of the Surya in the temple is a creation of 12th century AD. The statues of Shiva-Parvati, Lakshmi-Narayan and Nrisingh are also there in the temple.
· Kankhal The main temple of this city is of Daksheshwar Mahadev on its northern border. A Hanuman temple is also situated here.
· Kalpi The place is famous for its Vyas Tila and Nrisingh Tila. The common belief is that Lord Vyas had his Ashram here and Lord Nrisingh appeared on Nrishingh Tila to protect Prahlad.
· Kaushambi It is a famous pilgrim centre both of the Buddhists and the Jains. A number of ancient images have been discovered during excavations here.
· KannaujThe old name of the city was Kanyakubja. The importance of Kanyakubja increased in the seventh century when Emperor Harshavardhan established his sovereignty here. Yuan-Chwang has given a description of the city during the reign of Harsha. This centre of archaeology, art and culture is also famous for its scents (Ittra). Old ruins, temples and mosques of Kannauj date back thousands of years.
· Kampil This small town, hiding within the mysterious folds of India's long history, has been known since ancient times as the captivating casket of philosophy, religion and culture. It is mentioned in various forms, contexts and backdrops in Vishnu Puran, Jataks, Ramayan and Uttaradhyayan Sutra and other works and reports. This pilgrim centre is the birthplace of thirteenth Jain Tirthankar Lord Vimalnath, Mahasati Draupadi and Guru Dronacharya.
· Kapil Muni AshramA cave has been discovered here during excavations in which there are some statues and things used in worship.
· Kushinagar Kushinagar is one among important Buddhist centres. Lord Buddha attained 'Nirvan' here. An ancient 'Nirvan Stupa' has been found here in excavation. Several 'Vihars' and temples of the Gupta age have also been found in excavation here. The old name of Kushinagar was Vaseya. A fair is held here on Buddha Purima.
· LucknowAccording to the legend, the city of Lucknow was founded by Lakshman, younger brother of Lord Ram, and its ancient name was Lakshmanpuri. There is an old mound here which is known as the Lakshman Tila. Asaf-ud-dawla built the Roomi Darwaza and the Imambara. The Asafi Mosque, Daulatkhana, the Residency, Bibiapur Kothi and Chowk market were also built by Asaf-ud-daula. The famous Chhatar Manzil was constructed by Nasir-ud-din Haider which now houses the Central Drug Research Institute (CDRI). The Martyr's Memorial was erected in memory of freedom fighters. The Zoological and National Botanical Gardens are also places worth seeing. There is also the Mazar of famous Muslim saint, Shah Mina.
· LakhamandalLakhamandal derives its name from the discovery of lakhs of statues here. Some important rock inscriptions have also been found here in excation.
· LodheswarLodheshwar is in Bara Banki district and has a temple dedicated to lodheshwar Mahadev.
· MathuraMathura it is one of the seven great cities. Madhuban near the present mathura was earlier ruled by Madhu and his son, Lavan. Madhuban or Madhupuri was founded after the name of Madhu. Shatrughan, the brother of Lord Ram, killed Lavan and gave a new form to the city. Lord Krishna belonging to the Yadav clan of Chandravanshis was born here. Lakhs of pilgrims come here every year to visit the Dwarikadhish temple and Vishramghat.
· Maghar Saint-poet Kabir breathed his last here. His Samadhi/Mazar, a symbol of Hindu-Muslim unity, is situated here.
· MisrikhLegend is that Maharshi Dadhichi bathed here in water brought from all the Tirths before donating his bones. Hence, its name Mishrit or Misrikh. The ashram of Maharshi Dadhichi and Sita Kund are other places of attraction here.
· Nandgaon Nandgaon is situated at the foot of a hillock about 48 km from Mathura. Nand Baba had his house here. On the top of the hillock is a big temple. The place is held very sacred by the Hindus.
· NaimisharanyaIt was at this place that for establishing Dharma on the earth, the Gods requested Maharshi Dadhichi to give his bones for preparing a weapon to kill the Demon Vrittrasur. Naimisharnaya was a centre of spriitual development. There are many places of pilgrimage (Tirth) in Naimisharanya.
· Nanda Devi After Gauri Shankar, it is the highest mountain peak in the world.
· Prayag Situated at the confluence of Ganga and Yamuan, Prayag, known as the "Tirthraj" is the famous pilgrims’ centre of India. Here a Kumbh Mela takes place every twelfth year and an Ardh-Kumbh every sixth year. The ashram of sage Bharadwaj and the ancient Akshayvat are also situated here. There is a fort at the Sangam which was built by Akbar.
· Pindari Glacier Flowers of varied hues, beautiful forests and snows are the main attractions. The Pindar river also originates from this glacier.
· Rajapur The great saint-poet Tulsidas is said to have been born here. A beautiful memorial has been built here on behalf of the Tulsi smarak samiti. In Rameshwardham temple, Shatrughan, younger brother of Lord Ram, had installed the Shiva-ling brought from Lanka here. Sita used to worship this Shiva-ling daily during her stay in Ashok Vatika.
· RanikhetThe main attraction of Ranikhet is its sylvan surroundings. This hill resort can easily be reached from Almora and Naini Tal also. It has many beautiful spots, pine forests and fruit orchards. Not far away is the Chaubatia Government Gardens. It has an excellent Golf Course. A rope-way has also been built here.
· SankisaIt was called Sankasya in ancient times. The Chinese traveller, Yuan-Chwang has described it as 'Kapittha'. There are certain relics on a mound here. According to the Buddhists, Lord Buddha had descended on earth at this place. The place is also held sacred by the Hindus. A Shravani Mela is held here every year.
· Sarnath Sarnath occupies a very important place among Buddhist Shrines. After Enlightenment in Bodh Gaya, the Buddha preached his first sermon in Mrigdav (Sarnath). Remains of several ancient Vihars and temples have been found here in excavations. The Archaeological Museum here is also an important place to visit.
· ShringirampurSituated on the south bank of the Ganga in Farrukhabad district, Shringiramapur has a temple dedicated to shringi Rishi. Fairs are held here on the occasion of Kartik Purnima and Dussehra.
· Shakumbhari DeviThis ancient temple is situated at a place 41.6 km. from Saharanpur. The Shakumbhari Devi temple is surrounded by hills on all sides. A fair is held here on the occasion of Navaratri.
· Sri Lalita Devi TempleIt is close to the Chakra Tirth. It is said that a divine power called Lalita appeared here by the order of Brhma and holding the Brhma's Chakra by its top, made it stand erect. This temple has great importance for the devotees.
· Shravasti According to Pauranic lore, Shravasti, was founded by Suryavanshi king Shravast. The Buddhist scriptures describe it as one of the six prominent cities of India. The city is also an important centre of Jains. It was also the second capital of Kosal.
· Soron Soron or Shooker-Kshetra is one of the famous pilgrim centres of India. According to the Pauranic lore, at the time of creation, the earth appeared first of all at this place. There is a temple of Lord Varah here in which a colossal image of Varah is installed and nearby is the Varah Ghat on Haripadi.
· Sri Hanuman Garhi and Panch PandavThere is a colossal statue of Lord Hanuman here. According to the legend, after killing Ahiravan, Lord Hanuman appeared here along with Lord Ram and Lakshaman. Here also is a temple of the Pandavas. Pandavas stayed here during their period of secret abode.
· Shukra Tal Maharshi Shukracharya a narrated the story of Mahabharat to King Parikshit under a banyan tree here.
· Tapovan Lakshman Jhola is the main attraction of the place. There is also a Lakshman temple and an ancient temple of Lord Vishnu. At some distance is the Swargashram. There is also a Rameshwar temple at this place.
· Varanasi (Kashi)Varanasi is among the most ancient cities of the world. It derives its name two rivers-Varuna and Assi. The present Kashi has many beautiful temples which include the famous Vishwanath temple, Annapurana temple, Vishweshvar, Sakshi Vinayak and Panchratna temples. Among the 'Kunds' and 'Vapis', notable are Durga Kund, Pushkar Kund, Pishach Mochan, Kapildhara, Lolark, Mansarovar and Mandakini. It has a number of ghats, famous among them being Assi, Harishchandra, AhilyaBai, Dashashwamedha and Manikarnika.
· Vrindavan There are about 4, 000 temples, ghats and sarovars in Vrindava. The Govind Dev temple is very beautiful and grand. It was built by Raja Man Sing of Jaipur in 1500 AD. In front of this is the grand temple of Rangnath built of white stone in the Dravidian style. Other famous temples are Behariji temple, Radhavallabh temple, Radharaman temple, Gopinath temple, Shahji temple, Ashta Sakhi temple etc. Nidhivan and Sewakunj are famous forest resorts and Vashivat, Kalidah and Keshgat are important ghats of the Yamuna in Vrindavan.
· Vindhyachal The famous temple of Vindhyavasini Devi is located here. A great fair is held here during Nav-ratri.
Friday, July 18, 2008
Worry about GIS Courses?
1. I want to know about this course, including the IIRS-ITC collaboration.
This course is a joint course by Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NRSA), India and International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Netherlands. Duration of the course is 18 months, out of which 15 months including 6 months research work is carried out in IIRS and 3 months course work including defending of research proposal should be completed at ITC, Netherlands. The M.Sc. certificate issued will be by ITC and the course record will be issued by IIRS and ITC jointly.
Top
2. What is so special about this course?
In this course basic Geoinformation technology (Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning System) and application of Geoinformation technology to various hazards in 3 specialisations (Hydro-meteorological / Geological / Environmental) in covered including hands on experience in working with case studies.
Top
3. I’d like to have a good career in RS & GIS, will it be suitable for me?
Yes. A career in RS & GIS technology and its applications is possible with this course.
Top
4. .Who is the target audience of this course? I mean who will find this course quite useful.
This course is useful for mid-career employees in govt. and private sectors, who would like to update their skills in geoinformatics and also acquire addition qualification.
Top
5. I’m already working in a RS/GIS related company. Will it be useful for me?
Yes, to improve your knowledge it is useful for you to update your knowledge with latest technological developments, which will help you to take up more challenging responsibilities in your future endeavors.
Top
6. I’m working in Geology Dept. in Govt sector. Will it be useful to me?
Yes. It will be useful. In this course, the geological disasters which are taught extensively, is earthquakes and landslides, in which several case studies are developed and operational projects are also carried out.
Top
7. What is total cost of this course? I’ve heard it is expensive.
Since this course is organised both at IIRS, India for 15 months and 3 months in ITC, Netherlands, The course fee is to be paid at both places. In IIRS the course fee is Rs. 1,20,000 for 15 months and the fees at ITC is Euro 1250 for 3 months and living expenses in India (approx. Rs. 35000) and in Netherlands (Euro 2100).
Top
8. As this course is expensive, will I be able to get good job placement? Which companies do I have chance to get into?
Yes, You can get a good job placement, depending upon the skills learned by you in using the geoinformation technology in various applications. The probable companies, which will look for you will be Rolta India Ltd., RMSI, Pan India Consultents, Adriatech etc.
Top
9. What’s the module structure of the MSc. course?
Course structure of M. Sc. / Postgraduate Diploma / Certificate courses in Geo-Hazards is given below.
Module
Duration
Masters of Science in Geo-hazards
Post Graduate Diploma in geo-hazards
Certificate Cource in geo-hazards
1
4 Weeks
Basics of Remote Sensing and photogrammetry
2
4 Weeks
Principles of GIS
1 Weeks
Exam Week module 1 & 2
3
3 Weeks
Concepts of Hazards & Risks (1 week) and Thematic Image Interpretation and Analysis (2 weeks) (3 specialisations)
4
3 Weeks
Application of Geoinformatics to Hazards (3 specialisations: Hydro meteorological, Geological, Environment)
5
3 Weeks
Simulation Case Study in three specializations: Hydrometeorological, Geological, Environmental
6
3 Weeks
Advanced GIS (Common module with Geoinformatics course)
7
3 Weeks
Advanced Modelling of Hazard & Risks
8
3 Weeks
Advanced Remote Sensing & Image Processing (Common module with Geoinformatics course)
9
3 Weeks
Research Skill Development (Common module with Geoinformatics course)
Field Work
10
3 Weeks
Application in geoinformation in element at risk mapping and vulnerability
Database finalisation
11
3 Weeks
Research Seminar & Project Planning
Data Analysis
1 Week
Move to ITC and Introduction to ITC
Result analysis, report writing and defence
12 to 15
3 Weeks
Group Research Training (at ITC)
· Natural Hazard & Disaster Management
· Multi Hazard Risk Assessment
· Digital Field work acquition methods
M.Sc. Proposal writing and Presentation
16 to 23
6 months
M.Sc. dissertation
10. Who’ll be awarding this MSc. degree and what is the accreditation of this degree in India?
The M.Sc. degree is awarded by ITC, Netherlands and the accreditation of this course in India is in progress.
Top
11. I’m M.Sc. ( Physics), can I join this course? Are there sufficient seats?
Yes, you can join the course, provided seats are available. But you need to select one of the optional streams such as hydro-meteorological, geological and environmental, based on your interest.
Top
12. Are there any fellowships or scholarships available for this course?
Yes. Several scholarships are available. This course is recognized by NUFFIC in Netherlands for full 18 months period, which includes, travel and living expenses in Netherlands and living expenses in Netherlands. In addition to this, the 4 modules of course work which is mandatory to be attended by the course participants is recognized by NIFFIC as short course for 3 months duration. The sponsored course participants will be eligible to apply through their employer, 3 months before begins. In addition to this module 10 “multi-hazards assessment” at ITC is also recognized as short course by NUFFIC, for which separte application can be sent for funding by only sponsored candidates only.
Top
13. I still need to clarify some technical points whom can I contact at IIRS?
You can contact Programme co-ordinator or course coordinator of this course at IIRS. Contact no.s are 0135 2744518 ext. 2419 or 2418 or by E-mail:Dr. V. Hari Prasad, In-charge, WRD & Programme Co-ordinator, Geo-Hazard courses. (prasad@iirs.gov.in).Mr. I.C. Das, Scientist ‘SE’ & Course co-orindator, Geo-Hazard courses. (icdas@iirs.gov.in)
This course is a joint course by Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (NRSA), India and International Institute for Geoinformation Science and Earth Observation (ITC), Netherlands. Duration of the course is 18 months, out of which 15 months including 6 months research work is carried out in IIRS and 3 months course work including defending of research proposal should be completed at ITC, Netherlands. The M.Sc. certificate issued will be by ITC and the course record will be issued by IIRS and ITC jointly.
Top
2. What is so special about this course?
In this course basic Geoinformation technology (Remote Sensing, Geographic Information Systems and Global Positioning System) and application of Geoinformation technology to various hazards in 3 specialisations (Hydro-meteorological / Geological / Environmental) in covered including hands on experience in working with case studies.
Top
3. I’d like to have a good career in RS & GIS, will it be suitable for me?
Yes. A career in RS & GIS technology and its applications is possible with this course.
Top
4. .Who is the target audience of this course? I mean who will find this course quite useful.
This course is useful for mid-career employees in govt. and private sectors, who would like to update their skills in geoinformatics and also acquire addition qualification.
Top
5. I’m already working in a RS/GIS related company. Will it be useful for me?
Yes, to improve your knowledge it is useful for you to update your knowledge with latest technological developments, which will help you to take up more challenging responsibilities in your future endeavors.
Top
6. I’m working in Geology Dept. in Govt sector. Will it be useful to me?
Yes. It will be useful. In this course, the geological disasters which are taught extensively, is earthquakes and landslides, in which several case studies are developed and operational projects are also carried out.
Top
7. What is total cost of this course? I’ve heard it is expensive.
Since this course is organised both at IIRS, India for 15 months and 3 months in ITC, Netherlands, The course fee is to be paid at both places. In IIRS the course fee is Rs. 1,20,000 for 15 months and the fees at ITC is Euro 1250 for 3 months and living expenses in India (approx. Rs. 35000) and in Netherlands (Euro 2100).
Top
8. As this course is expensive, will I be able to get good job placement? Which companies do I have chance to get into?
Yes, You can get a good job placement, depending upon the skills learned by you in using the geoinformation technology in various applications. The probable companies, which will look for you will be Rolta India Ltd., RMSI, Pan India Consultents, Adriatech etc.
Top
9. What’s the module structure of the MSc. course?
Course structure of M. Sc. / Postgraduate Diploma / Certificate courses in Geo-Hazards is given below.
Module
Duration
Masters of Science in Geo-hazards
Post Graduate Diploma in geo-hazards
Certificate Cource in geo-hazards
1
4 Weeks
Basics of Remote Sensing and photogrammetry
2
4 Weeks
Principles of GIS
1 Weeks
Exam Week module 1 & 2
3
3 Weeks
Concepts of Hazards & Risks (1 week) and Thematic Image Interpretation and Analysis (2 weeks) (3 specialisations)
4
3 Weeks
Application of Geoinformatics to Hazards (3 specialisations: Hydro meteorological, Geological, Environment)
5
3 Weeks
Simulation Case Study in three specializations: Hydrometeorological, Geological, Environmental
6
3 Weeks
Advanced GIS (Common module with Geoinformatics course)
7
3 Weeks
Advanced Modelling of Hazard & Risks
8
3 Weeks
Advanced Remote Sensing & Image Processing (Common module with Geoinformatics course)
9
3 Weeks
Research Skill Development (Common module with Geoinformatics course)
Field Work
10
3 Weeks
Application in geoinformation in element at risk mapping and vulnerability
Database finalisation
11
3 Weeks
Research Seminar & Project Planning
Data Analysis
1 Week
Move to ITC and Introduction to ITC
Result analysis, report writing and defence
12 to 15
3 Weeks
Group Research Training (at ITC)
· Natural Hazard & Disaster Management
· Multi Hazard Risk Assessment
· Digital Field work acquition methods
M.Sc. Proposal writing and Presentation
16 to 23
6 months
M.Sc. dissertation
10. Who’ll be awarding this MSc. degree and what is the accreditation of this degree in India?
The M.Sc. degree is awarded by ITC, Netherlands and the accreditation of this course in India is in progress.
Top
11. I’m M.Sc. ( Physics), can I join this course? Are there sufficient seats?
Yes, you can join the course, provided seats are available. But you need to select one of the optional streams such as hydro-meteorological, geological and environmental, based on your interest.
Top
12. Are there any fellowships or scholarships available for this course?
Yes. Several scholarships are available. This course is recognized by NUFFIC in Netherlands for full 18 months period, which includes, travel and living expenses in Netherlands and living expenses in Netherlands. In addition to this, the 4 modules of course work which is mandatory to be attended by the course participants is recognized by NIFFIC as short course for 3 months duration. The sponsored course participants will be eligible to apply through their employer, 3 months before begins. In addition to this module 10 “multi-hazards assessment” at ITC is also recognized as short course by NUFFIC, for which separte application can be sent for funding by only sponsored candidates only.
Top
13. I still need to clarify some technical points whom can I contact at IIRS?
You can contact Programme co-ordinator or course coordinator of this course at IIRS. Contact no.s are 0135 2744518 ext. 2419 or 2418 or by E-mail:Dr. V. Hari Prasad, In-charge, WRD & Programme Co-ordinator, Geo-Hazard courses. (prasad@iirs.gov.in).Mr. I.C. Das, Scientist ‘SE’ & Course co-orindator, Geo-Hazard courses. (icdas@iirs.gov.in)
GIS Awards
GIS Professional of the year 2001: Dr. Arun K. SarafIn the survey conducted by GIS Development during Map India 2002, Dr. Arun Saraf, Associate Professor at IIT Roorkee was declared "GIS Professional of the year 2001."
GIS hardware companies for the year 2001
Computer Hardware: Hewlett PackardPlotter: Hewlett PackardScanner: VIDAR
GIS software company of the year 2001: ESRI
GPS Company of the year 2001: Leica Geosystems
Image Processing Company of the year 2001: ERDAS
GIS solution provider in 2001: ESRI India
Best Exhibitor Stall at Exhibition Map India 2002: ESRI India
GIS hardware companies for the year 2001
Computer Hardware: Hewlett PackardPlotter: Hewlett PackardScanner: VIDAR
GIS software company of the year 2001: ESRI
GPS Company of the year 2001: Leica Geosystems
Image Processing Company of the year 2001: ERDAS
GIS solution provider in 2001: ESRI India
Best Exhibitor Stall at Exhibition Map India 2002: ESRI India
Thursday, July 17, 2008
Abhishek Ravi and 9 July
Naher ke Kinare, Sukant bhi hua Kinare
Isaro ko agar samjo raj ko raj rahe do (See Ravi)
Ye Phool Kisne Mara?
Isaro ko agar samjo raj ko raj rahe do (See Ravi)
Ye Phool Kisne Mara?
VB.NET Coding Guidelines
Table of Contents
1. Introduction
2. Style Guidelines
2.1 Tabs and Indenting
2.2 Option Explicit / Option Strict
2.3 Block Formatting
2.4 Single line statements
2.5 Commenting
2.5.1 Copyright notice
2.5.2 Documentation Comments
2.5.3 Comment Style
2.6 Spacing
2.7 Attributes
2.8 Naming
2.9 Naming Conventions
2.9.1 Interop Classes
2.10 File Organization
2.11 Doing things the Visual Basic .NET Way
2.12 Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility
2.13 Other Considerations
1. Introduction
First, read the .NET Framework Design Guidelines. These guidelines exist to extend upon those guidelines for the VB.NET developer. Almost all naming conventions, casing rules, etc., are spelled out in this document. Unlike the Design Guidelines document, you should treat this document as a set of suggested guidelines. These guidelines are not to be taken a law and exist to offer guidance for people who do not have guidelines or are seeking improving upon their existing coding habits.
Note: Portions of this document are based on the C# Coding Guidelines written by Brad Abrams.
2. Style Guidelines
2.1 Tabs & Indenting
Tab characters (ASCII 9) should not be used in code. All indentation should be done with 2 space characters.
The reason I use 2 spaces is that, to me, it's just a readable as 3 or 4. I believe the VB runtime team uses 3 spaces and the default in the IDE is 4. However, if your code as a lot of indentation (which VB.NET does), you quickly end up with some pretty long lines and a lot of extraneous white space. The reason I settled on 2 spaces is because of these issues and it looks great when publishing code one the web and in print. In the end this is a really minor guideline. Use whatever your comfortable with since, with the "Pretty Print" feature in the IDE, you can quickly set the spacing to your preference.
2.2 Option Explicit / Option Strict
Although it’s possible to enable these options within the project properties, you should place the following at the top of every source file:
Option Explicit On Option Strict On
If you are unable to have both of these set to “On”, a comment should be given as to the reason for doing so.
Although there is an option in the IDE to enable this, the problem is that when you share code with others. The default in the IDE is these turned off. So when you provide code and they incorporate it within their project, the compiler features enabled when these are turn on are not gained. Also, if they are in every file, you know, without a doubt, what the options are set to. Finally, if you turn the options on in the IDE and you get code from another source, your going to see a potentially see a ton of errors. Have to fix them before (or adding Options Off) even being able to if the code does what you are looking for it to do. One final point. During code reviews, you can see this in the source... again, absolutely no questions being raised.
2.3 Block Formatting
All logical blocks should be formatted in such a way as to be clean and clear as to what’s occurring. Every If/Then should have an End If.
If someExpression Then DoSomething()Else DoSomethingElse()End If
“Select Case” statements should be formatted as follows:
Select Case someExpression Case 0 DoSomething() Case 1 DoSomethingElse() Case 2 Dim n As Integer = 1 DoAnotherThing(n) Case Else ' Normally this would be the default.End Select
Not wanting to get into a situation where these guidelines become too restrictive. Personally, in my code, I avoid ever having an empty Case Else. I think there should always be a default setting and I make this one inside of the Case Else. If there is a case when there is no default, then I raise an error. As for If/Then Else sections being empty, I just don't have them.
2.4 Single line statements
Single line statements should be avoided in every instance except possibly the Select Case blocks. Even then, strong consideration needs to be given to doing so and only done if the statement in question is a single line and very short. If any of the Case elements are not a single line, make all of the Case elements multiple lines for consistency.
Right:
Select Case value Case 0: x += 1 Case 1: x += 5 Case Else: x += 10End Select
OrSelect Case value Case 0 DoSomeProcessStep1() DoSomeProcessStep2() x += 1 Case 1 x += 5 Case Else x += 10End Select
Wrong:
Select Case value Case 0: DoSomeProcessStep1() : DoSomeProcessStep2() : x += 1 Case 1 x += 5 Case Else: x += 10End Select
2.5 Commenting
Comments should be used to describe intention, algorithmic overview, and/or logical flow. It would be ideal, if from reading the comments alone, someone other than the author could understand a function’s intended behavior and general operation. While there are no minimum comment requirements and certainly some very small routines need no commenting at all, it is hoped that most routines will have comments reflecting the programmer’s intent and approach.
2.5.1 Copyright notice
Each file should start with a copyright notice. To avoid errors in doc comment builds, you don’t want to use triple-apostrophe doc comments, but using XML makes the comments easy to replace in the future. Final text will vary by product (you should contact legal for the exact text), but should be similar to:
'-----------------------------------------------------------------------'' Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.' '-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Contact legal? As you can see with the mention of Microsoft Corporation within the example, this section is included mainly to be consistent with the Microsoft internal C# guidelines. Whatever the reason may be, it's pretty good advice.
2.5.2 Documentation Comments
All methods should use XML doc comments. For internal dev comments, the tag should be used.
Public Class World '''Public stuff about the method ''' What a neat parameter! ''' Cool internal stuff! ''' Public Sub MyMethod(Byval value As Integer) ' ... End Sub
End Class
2.5.3 Comment Style
The ' (apostrophe) style of comment tag should be used in most situations. Where ever possible, place comments above the code instead of beside it. Separate the actually comment (text) from the comment tag with a minimum of a single space, begin the comment with an uppercase letter (proper sentence structure) and end each comment with a period. Here are some examples:
' This is required for WebClient to work through the proxy.GlobalProxySelection.Select = New WebProxy("http://itgproxy")
' Create object to access Internet resources.Dim myClient As New WebClient()
Comments can be placed at the end of a line when space allows:
Public Class SomethingUseful Private itemHash As Integer ' Some instance member. Private Static hasDoneSomething A Boolean ' Some static member.End Class
2.6 Spacing
In addition to using the “Pretty Listing” feature from within Visual Studio, follow these guidelines. Spaces improve readability by decreasing code density. Here are some guidelines for the use of space characters within code:
Do use a single space after a comma between function arguments.Right: Console.In.Read(myChar, 0, 1)Wrong: Console.In.Read(myChar,0,1)
Do not use a space after the parenthesis and function argumentsRight: CreateWorld(myChar, 0, 1)Wrong: CreateWorld( myChar, 0, 1 )
Do not use spaces between a function name and parenthesis.Right: CreateWorld()Wrong: CreateWorld ()
Do use a single space before and after comparison operatorsRight: If (x = y) ThenWrong: If (x=y) Then
Do use single line spacing between Class, Module, Method and Property definitionsRight: Sub Spin()End SubSub Bounce()End SubWrong: Sub Spin()End SubSub Bounce()End Sub
Someone asked about defining spacing within the methods. To me, this is something that is pretty dependent on the type and amount of code within the method. My general rule of thumb is methods that contain a section of variable declarations or contain a lot of If/End If testing, I add a single space on either side of the code. For code that is very small and/or doesn't contain any variable declarations separated on their own, I usually have no spacing within the method.
2.7 Attributes
Attributes should be on the line before the statement the attribute is pertaining to (followed by the space underscore)
_Public Enum ExitWindowFlags LogOff = &H0 Shutdown = &H1 Reboot = &H2 Force = &H4 PowerOff = &H8 ForceIfHung = &H10End Enum
2.8 Naming
Follow all .NET Framework Design Guidelines for both internal and external members. Highlights of these include:
Do not use Hungarian notation (except for private member variables).
Do use the m_ prefix for private Class level member variables. This is the only guideline in this document that goes against the .NET Framework Design Guidelines, but the guidelines in that document assume languages that are case-sensitive. It is necessary to distinguish the private member variables in some manner as to not collide with the public properties of the same name. To offer complete consistency, this guideline is extended to all private member variables.
Do use camelCasing for member variables.
Do use camelCasing for parameters.
Do use camelCasing for local variables.
Do use PascalCasing for function, property, event, and class names.
Do prefix interfaces names with “I”
Do not prefix enums, classes, or delegates with any letter
Do not use single-letter naming for variables.
Avoid using constants, use Enum instead. However, when you can’t avoid using constants, use PascalCasing.
Do use ex as the local exception variable in a Try…Catch statement.
The reason to extend the public rules (no Hungarian, etc.) is to produce a consistent source code appearance. In addition a goal is to have clean readable source. Code legibility should be a primary goal.
According to the guidelines, private variables are camelCased. I suggest following this guideline even for the backing variables using the m_, meaning that you would use m_hairColor and not m_HairColor. The variable name is actually (in concept) the hairColor portion and just adding the m_ to prevent a collision from occurring (to represent it as a backing variable).
If you choose not to use m_, your alternative should be to follow the guidelines which means you would use camelCasing and use a variable naming scheme that would allow you to differentiate the backing variable from the property name. This can be done by appending a word after the variable name such as Value, Member or Private giving you hairColorValue. I don't prefer to go this route myself, but the choice is ultimately yours.
Single-letter variable names should be avoided; however, if the single-letter naming is clear to anyone that will be viewing the code and doesn't need any explanation (x, y for coordinates for example), feel free to use them. The main thing is to avoid them unless it makes perfect sense to use them. Rule of Thumb: Think about an alternative to using the single-letter variable name and after additional thought the single-letter naming seems more appropriate, then it's probably OK. For example, instead of using i in an For/Next, use index, count, offset, etc.
2.9 Naming Conventions
2.9.1 Interop Classes
Classes that are there for interop wrappers (Declare statements) should follow the naming convention below:
NativeMethods – No suppress unmanaged code attribute, these are methods that can be used anywhere because a stack walk will be performed.
UnsafeNativeMethods – Has suppress unmanaged code attribute. These methods are potentially dangerous and any caller of these methods must do a full security review to ensure that the usage is safe and protected as no stack walk will be performed.
SafeNativeMethods – Has suppress unmanaged code attribute. These methods are safe and can be used fairly safely and the caller isn’t needed to do full security reviews even though no stack walk will be performed.Class NativeMethods Private Sub New() End Sub Friend Declare Sub FormatHardDrive Lib "user32" (ByVal driveName As String)End Class _Class UnsafeNativeMethods Private Sub New() End Sub Friend Declare Sub CreateFile Lib "user32" (ByVal fileName As String)End Class _Class SafeNativeMethods Private Sub New() End Sub Friend Declare Sub MessageBox Lib "user32" (ByVal [text] As String)End Class
All interop classes must be Private, and all methods must be Friend. In addition a private constructor should be provided to prevent instantiation.
Use the Declare statement instead of the Attribute/Method blocks for declaring Win32 interop unless there is a need to do so because the Declare statement doesn’t expose some needed functionality.
When handling errors involved with interop, use the follow when the API documentation states to use GetLastError (if you aren’t going to handle the error within the code):
Throw New Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error)
2.10 File Organization
Source files should contain only one public type, although multiple internal classes are allowed.
Source files should be given the name of the Public Class in the file.
Directory names should follow the Namespace for the class.
For example, I would expect to find the public class “System.Windows.Forms.Control” in “System\Windows\Forms\Control.vb”…
Class elements should be grouped into sections. Within these sections, elements should be alphabetized.
Private member variables
New / Finalize / Dispose
Public
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
Protected
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
Friend
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
Private
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
2.11 Doing things the Visual Basic .NET Way
Do use the Visual Basic runtime methods rather than .NET Framework where appropriate.
Do use the short method for instantiating classes on the same line.Right: Dim someStuff As New Collection()Wrong: Dim someStuff As Collection = New Collection()
Do use Try…Catch instead of On Error.
Do use Cnnn() methods instead of System.Convert.Tonnn() methods.
Do not use type characters ($, !, #, %, etc.)
Do not create a Class containing only Shared methods. Use Modules instead.
Using the Visual Basic runtime seems to cause people to enter into a holy war, so to explain this:
First, taking the example of Right(); yes, in the end, it will call upon String.Substring(). It's doing a bit more than that, which in many cases helps to make sure you code is more stable. Here is basically what the code looks like.
Public Shared Function Right(ByVal value As String, ByVal length As Integer) As String If (length < length =" 0" integer =" value.Length">= size) Then Return value End If Return value.Substring(size - length, length) End Function
By using Right, you don't have to worry about whether or not the value is nothing or even if the size you want is within the range. However, if this is important to you, then by all means, use Substring directly. I added the "where appropriate" because I think there are some areas where it makes more sense to use the objects (String for example) method over the runtime method. The main point here is to not be afraid to utilize these methods and if you don't use them, be sure you are aware of the reason as to why you aren't.
The second reason is that this suggestion is shared by members of the VB team; obviously they worked hard to make these available in order to make our development life more productive and I don't blame them for wanting to see the fruits of their labor leveraged by us. In addition, I'm constantly seeing false information being spread regarding the "non-use" of the runtime and how it's not the ".NET" way. These are every bit a part of the .NET Framework as say Windows Forms, ADO.NET, ASP.NET, etc. and should be given as much, if not more, consideration in being leveraged, especially by VB.NET developers.
Third, the compiler is able to optimize the code when you leverage several of these and my guess is this will improve over time. Not using these puts that responsibility on you, the developer and you don't gain any of these benefits in the current and future compiler. This is a minor point, but one I feel I should mention for completeness.
In the end, use whatever you are most comfortable with. Just be aware that it's not "wrong" to leverage the runtime, in fact, in many cases its significantly better than trying to do the same task on your own. To be fair, there are some areas in the VB runtime that don't perform that well; in those instances, you have to decide whether performance is your key concern and if it is, for those instances (and, this part is key, if it truly is a bottleneck), find an alternate solution. Performance is a completely different subject and there is no one right answer.
2.12 Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility
Do not use any methods within the Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility namespace. This namespace is not to be confused with Microsoft.VisualBasic; I encourage you to use these timesaving tidbits. If your project contains a reference to the Microsoft.VisualBasic. Compatibility.dll, remove it and replace any methods that have become invalid with methods either from the Microsoft.VisualBasic or System namespaces.
2.13 Other Considerations
The following are general considerations that you should keep in mind.
Use collections instead of arrays when returning a group of data from a method.
Use events instead of overriding methods. For example, use the Paint event instead of overriding OnPaint.
Avoid requiring the orchestration of multiple objects to do a single job.
Avoid performing operations within properties, use properties to set state. Configure an object through its properties and then use its methods to do the work.
Try to gather items in a namespace that directly relate to each other. Try to avoid putting too many classes under a general category as it creates intellisense noise for developers trying to find something.
1. Introduction
2. Style Guidelines
2.1 Tabs and Indenting
2.2 Option Explicit / Option Strict
2.3 Block Formatting
2.4 Single line statements
2.5 Commenting
2.5.1 Copyright notice
2.5.2 Documentation Comments
2.5.3 Comment Style
2.6 Spacing
2.7 Attributes
2.8 Naming
2.9 Naming Conventions
2.9.1 Interop Classes
2.10 File Organization
2.11 Doing things the Visual Basic .NET Way
2.12 Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility
2.13 Other Considerations
1. Introduction
First, read the .NET Framework Design Guidelines. These guidelines exist to extend upon those guidelines for the VB.NET developer. Almost all naming conventions, casing rules, etc., are spelled out in this document. Unlike the Design Guidelines document, you should treat this document as a set of suggested guidelines. These guidelines are not to be taken a law and exist to offer guidance for people who do not have guidelines or are seeking improving upon their existing coding habits.
Note: Portions of this document are based on the C# Coding Guidelines written by Brad Abrams.
2. Style Guidelines
2.1 Tabs & Indenting
Tab characters (ASCII 9) should not be used in code. All indentation should be done with 2 space characters.
The reason I use 2 spaces is that, to me, it's just a readable as 3 or 4. I believe the VB runtime team uses 3 spaces and the default in the IDE is 4. However, if your code as a lot of indentation (which VB.NET does), you quickly end up with some pretty long lines and a lot of extraneous white space. The reason I settled on 2 spaces is because of these issues and it looks great when publishing code one the web and in print. In the end this is a really minor guideline. Use whatever your comfortable with since, with the "Pretty Print" feature in the IDE, you can quickly set the spacing to your preference.
2.2 Option Explicit / Option Strict
Although it’s possible to enable these options within the project properties, you should place the following at the top of every source file:
Option Explicit On Option Strict On
If you are unable to have both of these set to “On”, a comment should be given as to the reason for doing so.
Although there is an option in the IDE to enable this, the problem is that when you share code with others. The default in the IDE is these turned off. So when you provide code and they incorporate it within their project, the compiler features enabled when these are turn on are not gained. Also, if they are in every file, you know, without a doubt, what the options are set to. Finally, if you turn the options on in the IDE and you get code from another source, your going to see a potentially see a ton of errors. Have to fix them before (or adding Options Off) even being able to if the code does what you are looking for it to do. One final point. During code reviews, you can see this in the source... again, absolutely no questions being raised.
2.3 Block Formatting
All logical blocks should be formatted in such a way as to be clean and clear as to what’s occurring. Every If/Then should have an End If.
If someExpression Then DoSomething()Else DoSomethingElse()End If
“Select Case” statements should be formatted as follows:
Select Case someExpression Case 0 DoSomething() Case 1 DoSomethingElse() Case 2 Dim n As Integer = 1 DoAnotherThing(n) Case Else ' Normally this would be the default.End Select
Not wanting to get into a situation where these guidelines become too restrictive. Personally, in my code, I avoid ever having an empty Case Else. I think there should always be a default setting and I make this one inside of the Case Else. If there is a case when there is no default, then I raise an error. As for If/Then Else sections being empty, I just don't have them.
2.4 Single line statements
Single line statements should be avoided in every instance except possibly the Select Case blocks. Even then, strong consideration needs to be given to doing so and only done if the statement in question is a single line and very short. If any of the Case elements are not a single line, make all of the Case elements multiple lines for consistency.
Right:
Select Case value Case 0: x += 1 Case 1: x += 5 Case Else: x += 10End Select
OrSelect Case value Case 0 DoSomeProcessStep1() DoSomeProcessStep2() x += 1 Case 1 x += 5 Case Else x += 10End Select
Wrong:
Select Case value Case 0: DoSomeProcessStep1() : DoSomeProcessStep2() : x += 1 Case 1 x += 5 Case Else: x += 10End Select
2.5 Commenting
Comments should be used to describe intention, algorithmic overview, and/or logical flow. It would be ideal, if from reading the comments alone, someone other than the author could understand a function’s intended behavior and general operation. While there are no minimum comment requirements and certainly some very small routines need no commenting at all, it is hoped that most routines will have comments reflecting the programmer’s intent and approach.
2.5.1 Copyright notice
Each file should start with a copyright notice. To avoid errors in doc comment builds, you don’t want to use triple-apostrophe doc comments, but using XML makes the comments easy to replace in the future. Final text will vary by product (you should contact legal for the exact text), but should be similar to:
'-----------------------------------------------------------------------'
Contact legal? As you can see with the mention of Microsoft Corporation within the example, this section is included mainly to be consistent with the Microsoft internal C# guidelines. Whatever the reason may be, it's pretty good advice.
2.5.2 Documentation Comments
All methods should use XML doc comments. For internal dev comments, the
Public Class World '''
End Class
2.5.3 Comment Style
The ' (apostrophe) style of comment tag should be used in most situations. Where ever possible, place comments above the code instead of beside it. Separate the actually comment (text) from the comment tag with a minimum of a single space, begin the comment with an uppercase letter (proper sentence structure) and end each comment with a period. Here are some examples:
' This is required for WebClient to work through the proxy.GlobalProxySelection.Select = New WebProxy("http://itgproxy")
' Create object to access Internet resources.Dim myClient As New WebClient()
Comments can be placed at the end of a line when space allows:
Public Class SomethingUseful Private itemHash As Integer ' Some instance member. Private Static hasDoneSomething A Boolean ' Some static member.End Class
2.6 Spacing
In addition to using the “Pretty Listing” feature from within Visual Studio, follow these guidelines. Spaces improve readability by decreasing code density. Here are some guidelines for the use of space characters within code:
Do use a single space after a comma between function arguments.Right: Console.In.Read(myChar, 0, 1)Wrong: Console.In.Read(myChar,0,1)
Do not use a space after the parenthesis and function argumentsRight: CreateWorld(myChar, 0, 1)Wrong: CreateWorld( myChar, 0, 1 )
Do not use spaces between a function name and parenthesis.Right: CreateWorld()Wrong: CreateWorld ()
Do use a single space before and after comparison operatorsRight: If (x = y) ThenWrong: If (x=y) Then
Do use single line spacing between Class, Module, Method and Property definitionsRight: Sub Spin()End SubSub Bounce()End SubWrong: Sub Spin()End SubSub Bounce()End Sub
Someone asked about defining spacing within the methods. To me, this is something that is pretty dependent on the type and amount of code within the method. My general rule of thumb is methods that contain a section of variable declarations or contain a lot of If/End If testing, I add a single space on either side of the code. For code that is very small and/or doesn't contain any variable declarations separated on their own, I usually have no spacing within the method.
2.7 Attributes
Attributes should be on the line before the statement the attribute is pertaining to (followed by the space underscore)
2.8 Naming
Follow all .NET Framework Design Guidelines for both internal and external members. Highlights of these include:
Do not use Hungarian notation (except for private member variables).
Do use the m_ prefix for private Class level member variables. This is the only guideline in this document that goes against the .NET Framework Design Guidelines, but the guidelines in that document assume languages that are case-sensitive. It is necessary to distinguish the private member variables in some manner as to not collide with the public properties of the same name. To offer complete consistency, this guideline is extended to all private member variables.
Do use camelCasing for member variables.
Do use camelCasing for parameters.
Do use camelCasing for local variables.
Do use PascalCasing for function, property, event, and class names.
Do prefix interfaces names with “I”
Do not prefix enums, classes, or delegates with any letter
Do not use single-letter naming for variables.
Avoid using constants, use Enum instead. However, when you can’t avoid using constants, use PascalCasing.
Do use ex as the local exception variable in a Try…Catch statement.
The reason to extend the public rules (no Hungarian, etc.) is to produce a consistent source code appearance. In addition a goal is to have clean readable source. Code legibility should be a primary goal.
According to the guidelines, private variables are camelCased. I suggest following this guideline even for the backing variables using the m_, meaning that you would use m_hairColor and not m_HairColor. The variable name is actually (in concept) the hairColor portion and just adding the m_ to prevent a collision from occurring (to represent it as a backing variable).
If you choose not to use m_, your alternative should be to follow the guidelines which means you would use camelCasing and use a variable naming scheme that would allow you to differentiate the backing variable from the property name. This can be done by appending a word after the variable name such as Value, Member or Private giving you hairColorValue. I don't prefer to go this route myself, but the choice is ultimately yours.
Single-letter variable names should be avoided; however, if the single-letter naming is clear to anyone that will be viewing the code and doesn't need any explanation (x, y for coordinates for example), feel free to use them. The main thing is to avoid them unless it makes perfect sense to use them. Rule of Thumb: Think about an alternative to using the single-letter variable name and after additional thought the single-letter naming seems more appropriate, then it's probably OK. For example, instead of using i in an For/Next, use index, count, offset, etc.
2.9 Naming Conventions
2.9.1 Interop Classes
Classes that are there for interop wrappers (Declare statements) should follow the naming convention below:
NativeMethods – No suppress unmanaged code attribute, these are methods that can be used anywhere because a stack walk will be performed.
UnsafeNativeMethods – Has suppress unmanaged code attribute. These methods are potentially dangerous and any caller of these methods must do a full security review to ensure that the usage is safe and protected as no stack walk will be performed.
SafeNativeMethods – Has suppress unmanaged code attribute. These methods are safe and can be used fairly safely and the caller isn’t needed to do full security reviews even though no stack walk will be performed.Class NativeMethods Private Sub New() End Sub Friend Declare Sub FormatHardDrive Lib "user32" (ByVal driveName As String)End Class
All interop classes must be Private, and all methods must be Friend. In addition a private constructor should be provided to prevent instantiation.
Use the Declare statement instead of the Attribute/Method blocks for declaring Win32 interop unless there is a need to do so because the Declare statement doesn’t expose some needed functionality.
When handling errors involved with interop, use the follow when the API documentation states to use GetLastError (if you aren’t going to handle the error within the code):
Throw New Win32Exception(Marshal.GetLastWin32Error)
2.10 File Organization
Source files should contain only one public type, although multiple internal classes are allowed.
Source files should be given the name of the Public Class in the file.
Directory names should follow the Namespace for the class.
For example, I would expect to find the public class “System.Windows.Forms.Control” in “System\Windows\Forms\Control.vb”…
Class elements should be grouped into sections. Within these sections, elements should be alphabetized.
Private member variables
New / Finalize / Dispose
Public
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
Protected
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
Friend
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
Private
Events
Properties
Methods
Enumerators
2.11 Doing things the Visual Basic .NET Way
Do use the Visual Basic runtime methods rather than .NET Framework where appropriate.
Do use the short method for instantiating classes on the same line.Right: Dim someStuff As New Collection()Wrong: Dim someStuff As Collection = New Collection()
Do use Try…Catch instead of On Error.
Do use Cnnn() methods instead of System.Convert.Tonnn() methods.
Do not use type characters ($, !, #, %, etc.)
Do not create a Class containing only Shared methods. Use Modules instead.
Using the Visual Basic runtime seems to cause people to enter into a holy war, so to explain this:
First, taking the example of Right(); yes, in the end, it will call upon String.Substring(). It's doing a bit more than that, which in many cases helps to make sure you code is more stable. Here is basically what the code looks like.
Public Shared Function Right(ByVal value As String, ByVal length As Integer) As String If (length < length =" 0" integer =" value.Length">= size) Then Return value End If Return value.Substring(size - length, length) End Function
By using Right, you don't have to worry about whether or not the value is nothing or even if the size you want is within the range. However, if this is important to you, then by all means, use Substring directly. I added the "where appropriate" because I think there are some areas where it makes more sense to use the objects (String for example) method over the runtime method. The main point here is to not be afraid to utilize these methods and if you don't use them, be sure you are aware of the reason as to why you aren't.
The second reason is that this suggestion is shared by members of the VB team; obviously they worked hard to make these available in order to make our development life more productive and I don't blame them for wanting to see the fruits of their labor leveraged by us. In addition, I'm constantly seeing false information being spread regarding the "non-use" of the runtime and how it's not the ".NET" way. These are every bit a part of the .NET Framework as say Windows Forms, ADO.NET, ASP.NET, etc. and should be given as much, if not more, consideration in being leveraged, especially by VB.NET developers.
Third, the compiler is able to optimize the code when you leverage several of these and my guess is this will improve over time. Not using these puts that responsibility on you, the developer and you don't gain any of these benefits in the current and future compiler. This is a minor point, but one I feel I should mention for completeness.
In the end, use whatever you are most comfortable with. Just be aware that it's not "wrong" to leverage the runtime, in fact, in many cases its significantly better than trying to do the same task on your own. To be fair, there are some areas in the VB runtime that don't perform that well; in those instances, you have to decide whether performance is your key concern and if it is, for those instances (and, this part is key, if it truly is a bottleneck), find an alternate solution. Performance is a completely different subject and there is no one right answer.
2.12 Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility
Do not use any methods within the Microsoft.VisualBasic.Compatibility namespace. This namespace is not to be confused with Microsoft.VisualBasic; I encourage you to use these timesaving tidbits. If your project contains a reference to the Microsoft.VisualBasic. Compatibility.dll, remove it and replace any methods that have become invalid with methods either from the Microsoft.VisualBasic or System namespaces.
2.13 Other Considerations
The following are general considerations that you should keep in mind.
Use collections instead of arrays when returning a group of data from a method.
Use events instead of overriding methods. For example, use the Paint event instead of overriding OnPaint.
Avoid requiring the orchestration of multiple objects to do a single job.
Avoid performing operations within properties, use properties to set state. Configure an object through its properties and then use its methods to do the work.
Try to gather items in a namespace that directly relate to each other. Try to avoid putting too many classes under a general category as it creates intellisense noise for developers trying to find something.
Wednesday, July 16, 2008
Risk Management
So you have been asked to put together a project risk management plan. No idea where to start. Here is a brief guide to putting together a risk management plan.
Project Risk Management
A risk is something that may happen and if it does, will have an adverse impact on the project. A few points here. "That may happen" implies a probability of less then 100%. If it has a probability of 100% - in other words it will happen - it is an issue. An issue is managed differently to a risk and we will handle issue management in a later white paper. A risk must also have a probability something above 0%. It must be a chance to happen or it is not a risk.
The second thing to consider from the definition is "will have an adverse impact". If it will not have an adverse impact, it is not a risk. Suppose we said a risk was that we would find the project less complicated than we thought, and could finish early. Unless finishing early has an adverse effect on the project, it is not a risk.
Risk Management Plan
There are four stages to risk management planning. They are: ·
Risk Identification
Risks Quantification
Risk Response
Risk Monitoring and Control
Risk Identification
In this stage, we identify and name the risks. The best approach is a workshop with business and IT people to carry out the identification. Use a combination of brainstorming and reviewing of standard risk lists.
There are different sorts of risks and we need to decide on a project by project basis what to do about each type.
Business risks are ongoing risks that are best handled by the business. An example is that if the project cannot meet end of financial year deadline, the business area may need to retain their existing accounting system for another year. The response is likely to be a contingency plan developed by the business, to use the existing system for another year.
Generic risks are risks to all projects. For example the risk that business users might not be available and requirements may be incomplete. Each organisation will develop standard responses to generic risks.
Risks should be defined in two parts. The first is the cause of the situation (Vendor not meeting deadline, Business users not available, etc.). The second part is the impact (Budget will be exceeded, Milestones not achieved, etc.). Hence a risk might be defined as "The vendor not meeting deadline will mean that budget will be exceeded". If this format is used, it is easy to remove duplicates, and understand the risk.
Risk Quantification
Risk need to be quantified in two dimensions. The impact of the risk needs to be assessed. The probability of the risk occurring needs to be assessed. For simplicity, rate each on a 1 to 4 scale. The larger the number, the larger the impact or probability. By using a matrix, a priority can be established.
Note that if probability is high, and impact is low, it is a Medium risk. On the other hand if impact is high, and probability low, it is High priority. A remote chance of a catastrophe warrants more attention than a high chance of a hiccup.
Risk Response
There are four things you can do about a risk. The strategies are:
Avoid the risk. Do something to remove it. Use another supplier for example.
Transfer the risk. Make someone else responsible. Perhaps a Vendor can be made responsible for a particularly risky part of the project.
Mitigate the risk. Take actions to lessen the impact or chance of the risk occurring. If the risk relates to availability of resources, draw up an agreement and get sign-off for the resource to be available.
Accept the risk. The risk might be so small the effort to do anything is not worth while.
A risk response plan should include the strategy and action items to address the strategy. The actions should include what needs to be done, who is doing it, and when it should be completed.
Risk Control
The final step is to continually monitor risks to identify any change in the status, or if they turn into an issue. It is best to hold regular risk reviews to identify actions outstanding, risk probability and impact, remove risks that have passed, and identify new risks.
Summary
Risk management is not a complex task. If you follow the four steps, you can put together a risk management plan for a project in a short space of time. Without a plan, the success of the project, and your reputation as a Project Manager, are on the line. Follow these steps and you will increase your chances of success.
Project Risk Management
A risk is something that may happen and if it does, will have an adverse impact on the project. A few points here. "That may happen" implies a probability of less then 100%. If it has a probability of 100% - in other words it will happen - it is an issue. An issue is managed differently to a risk and we will handle issue management in a later white paper. A risk must also have a probability something above 0%. It must be a chance to happen or it is not a risk.
The second thing to consider from the definition is "will have an adverse impact". If it will not have an adverse impact, it is not a risk. Suppose we said a risk was that we would find the project less complicated than we thought, and could finish early. Unless finishing early has an adverse effect on the project, it is not a risk.
Risk Management Plan
There are four stages to risk management planning. They are: ·
Risk Identification
Risks Quantification
Risk Response
Risk Monitoring and Control
Risk Identification
In this stage, we identify and name the risks. The best approach is a workshop with business and IT people to carry out the identification. Use a combination of brainstorming and reviewing of standard risk lists.
There are different sorts of risks and we need to decide on a project by project basis what to do about each type.
Business risks are ongoing risks that are best handled by the business. An example is that if the project cannot meet end of financial year deadline, the business area may need to retain their existing accounting system for another year. The response is likely to be a contingency plan developed by the business, to use the existing system for another year.
Generic risks are risks to all projects. For example the risk that business users might not be available and requirements may be incomplete. Each organisation will develop standard responses to generic risks.
Risks should be defined in two parts. The first is the cause of the situation (Vendor not meeting deadline, Business users not available, etc.). The second part is the impact (Budget will be exceeded, Milestones not achieved, etc.). Hence a risk might be defined as "The vendor not meeting deadline will mean that budget will be exceeded". If this format is used, it is easy to remove duplicates, and understand the risk.
Risk Quantification
Risk need to be quantified in two dimensions. The impact of the risk needs to be assessed. The probability of the risk occurring needs to be assessed. For simplicity, rate each on a 1 to 4 scale. The larger the number, the larger the impact or probability. By using a matrix, a priority can be established.
Note that if probability is high, and impact is low, it is a Medium risk. On the other hand if impact is high, and probability low, it is High priority. A remote chance of a catastrophe warrants more attention than a high chance of a hiccup.
Risk Response
There are four things you can do about a risk. The strategies are:
Avoid the risk. Do something to remove it. Use another supplier for example.
Transfer the risk. Make someone else responsible. Perhaps a Vendor can be made responsible for a particularly risky part of the project.
Mitigate the risk. Take actions to lessen the impact or chance of the risk occurring. If the risk relates to availability of resources, draw up an agreement and get sign-off for the resource to be available.
Accept the risk. The risk might be so small the effort to do anything is not worth while.
A risk response plan should include the strategy and action items to address the strategy. The actions should include what needs to be done, who is doing it, and when it should be completed.
Risk Control
The final step is to continually monitor risks to identify any change in the status, or if they turn into an issue. It is best to hold regular risk reviews to identify actions outstanding, risk probability and impact, remove risks that have passed, and identify new risks.
Summary
Risk management is not a complex task. If you follow the four steps, you can put together a risk management plan for a project in a short space of time. Without a plan, the success of the project, and your reputation as a Project Manager, are on the line. Follow these steps and you will increase your chances of success.
Jai Sri Ram
Tracing evidence of Lord Ram and his times Report: Rahul Sinha Adapted by: Deepak Nagpal We have told you about the evidence of Ramayana which we found in Chitrakoot. We now take our journey further – into Sri Lanka. Across The Sea As the team reached the coast of Rameswaram in Tamil Nadu, what we saw around was the blue sea – the same sea which Lord Ram and his vaanar sena (army of monkeys) crossed to reach Ravan’s Lanka, to rescue Sita. Ravan’s Lanka is now known as Sri Lanka – India’s neighbour in the south. But as we set our foot on Sri Lanka’s soil, several questions came to our mind – Is this really Ravan’s Lanka? Is this the place where ‘Lanka Naresh’ Ravan brought Sita after abducting her? Is this the same place which Hanuman set on fire with his burning tail? Questions were many, the place unknown and nobody around to answer them. But we had a hope – a hope to find some evidence of Ram’s existence. In Sri Lanka’s capital Colombo, we didn’t find too many people around who knew about either Ram or Ravan. But we were asked to visit nearby Norliya if really wanted to find something concrete. The Breakthrough In Norliya, we met a Delhi-based Indian named Harinder Sikka at a popular golf course. We were on cloud nine when we came to know that Sikka himself had been doing research on Ramayana for years. It was the most unexpected thing we had ever imagined that would happen to us. It was a real breakthrough in our search for Ram. Sikka’s love for golf had brought him to Sri Lanka and it was during his interaction with local friends on the epic Ramayana that he decided to do a research on the topic. Ashok Vatika Discovered We were left surprised when Sikka told us that barely five kilometres from where we were standing now, was located one of the most important places mentioned in Ramayana – the Ashok Vatika. This is the place where Sita stayed after Ravan abducted her from India. In Sri Lanka, Ashok Vatika is known as Sita Ella. The place had statues of Lord Ram, his brother Lakshman, Sita and Hanuman. By their look, the statues seemed to be hundreds of years old. However, a local resident, named Romilla, corrected us, saying the statues were nearly 5,500 years old. The statues seemed to have been carved out of nearby rocks. When we enquired about the ‘Ashok Vriksh’, Romilla told us that the famous tree was no more. But standing in its place was a hundreds of years old tree. It is believed that Hanuman first met Sita at this place. At Ashok Vatika Not many people in Sri Lanka know the significance behind Ashok Vatika and treat it like any other picnic spot. However, several Indians have come together and are now turning this place into a temple. Also, paintings have been put up there to help locals understand the Ramayana-related events that took place at Ashok Vatika. We, along with Romilla, also went to a stream called Sita Jharna that flows right under Ashok Vatika. It is believed that Sita used to bathe here during her captivity at Ashok Vatika. The stream is surrounded by huge and dense mountains. Nobody knows where water in the stream comes from and disappears after accumulating in a ‘kund’. What’s fascinating is the fact that water level in the kund remains same throughout the year. The disappearing of water at Sita Jharna in Ashok Vatika, and at Sita Kund and Hanuman Dhara in Chitrakoot hints at some form of connection between the three – and also makes one believe that something miraculous is happening at all three places. Hanuman’s Footmark Romilla next took us to that part of Ashok Vatika where, it is believed, a giant footmark of Hanuman is imprinted. According to beliefs, Hanuman appeared in his gigantic form before Sita for the first time here. This footmark was formed then. Sri Lankan government’s archaeological department has conducted a survey and found that the marks, located on a rock near Sita Jharna, are around 6,000 years old. If viewed from a distance, the footmark resembles that of a huge monkey. It is believed that Hanuman appeared in his gigantic form before Sita to make her believe that Ram’s vaanar sena had the strength and capability to fight Ravan’s army. Sleeping Divinity The next place we visited in our search for Ram literally left us stunned. Not far away from Ashok Vatika is a place where it is believed Hanuman is resting in his giant form. The place is close to Chinmaya Temple. After reaching the temple, what we saw could make any atheist start believing in God. Hanuman was sleeping in front of our eyes – in his giant form. Anybody coming to Chinmaya Temple can see a faraway mountain structure which resembles a sleeping Hanuman in his giant form. It is not difficult to make out the head and face of the giant body, along with the chest and huge legs. Those who question everything can raise doubts over the footmarks of Hanuman, Ram, Lakshman and Sita which we saw in our journey so far. But it will be difficult for even those people to refute the fact that the mountain structure in front of our eyes resembled a sleeping Hanuman. Built inside the Chinmaya Temple is a huge, 16 feet granite statue of Hanuman where hundreds come everyday to offer prayers. These include not just expatriate Indians but also Buddhist Sri Lankans in large numbers. The statue is a copy of the mountain structure. The only difference is the fact that it is placed in a vertical position inside the temple. Another Halt We have made two important discoveries in Sri Lanka – Ashok Vatika and sleeping Hanuman in his giant form. We now take our journey further to discover a legacy left behind by Hanuman, but only in the next and last part of the series.
Tuesday, July 15, 2008
How to Exercise Your Eyes
How to Exercise Your Eyes
We all know how important it is to keep our bodies fit by doing things like going to the gym, jogging, and swimming. But, did you know that you can exercise your eyes as well? Eye exercising will keep your eyes healthy and help minimize eyestrain.
[edit] Steps
Sit comfortably on a chair. Rub your hands together until they feel warm. Close your eyes and cover them lightly with your cupped palms. Avoid applying pressure on your eyeballs. Place your palms so that the nose remains uncovered, and the eyes remain behind the slight hollow of the palms. Make sure that no light rays enter the eyes, and leave no gaps between fingers or between the edge of the palms and the nose. You may still see other lingering traces of colors. Imagine deep blackness and focus on the blackness. Take deep breaths slowly and evenly, while thinking of some happy incident; or visualize a distant scene. After your eyes see nothing but blackness, remove your palms from your eyes. Repeat the palming for 3 minutes or more.
Close your eyes tightly for 3-5 seconds, then open them for 3-5 seconds. Repeat this 7 or 8 times.
Close your eyes and massage them with circular movements of your fingers for 1-2 minutes. Make sure you press very lightly; otherwise, you could hurt your eyes.
Press three fingers of each hand against your upper eyelids, and hold them there for 1-2 seconds, then release. Repeat 5 times.
Sit and relax. Roll your eyes clockwise, then counter-clockwise. Repeat 5 times, and blink in between each time.
Sit about 6 inches (200 mm) from the window. Make a mark on the glass at your eye level (a small sticker, black or red, would be perfect). Look through this mark and focus on something far away for 10-15 seconds; then focus on the mark again.
Hold a pencil in front of you at arm's length. Move your arm slowly to your nose, and follow the pencil with your eyes until you can keep it in focus. Repeat 10 times.
Look in front of you at the opposite wall and pretend that you are writing with your eyes, without turning your head. It may seem difficult at first, but with a bit of practice it is really fun. The bigger the letters, the better the effect.
Imagine that you are standing in front of a really big clock. Look at the middle of the clock. Then look at any hour mark, without turning your head. Look back at the center. Then look at another hour mark. Do this at least 12 times. You can also do this exercise with your eyes closed.
Focus on a distant object (over 150 feet or 50 m away) for several seconds and slowly refocus your eyes on a nearby object (less than 30 feet or 10 m away) that's in the same direction. Focus for several seconds and go back to the distant object. Do this 5 times.
Focus on an object in the distance (as far as possible) with a low contrasting background. Do this for a few minutes every half hour or so. This does not improve your vision, nor does any other technique. It can, however, maintain your best eyesight level during the day and prevent significant further vision deterioration.
[edit] Tips
It's more important to do the exercises regularly than to do them for a long time. Even 30-60 seconds of eye movement every hour is very helpful. For example, when your computer takes its sweet time to do something, most people just swear at the poor thing and waste the time, but you can make a few circles with your eyes. Even the first day you do this, you should notice that, when you finish working, your eyes aren't as tired as usual.
Taking short breaks from near work (e.g. staring at a computer monitor) to stare out to the distance also relieves some strain.
Palming is a good method to help your eyes feel better. You close your eyes and put you palms over them, this will rest your eyes.
Blink the eyes many times.
Splash your eyes with cold water repeatedly when feasible, and especially when your eyes are strained.
[edit] Warnings
Consult your optometrist (eye doctor) before doing any of these exercises. The last thing you want to do is add further strain to your eyes, or damage them permanently.
When doing these exercises, make sure that you're not facing anybody, or that they know you're doing eye exercises. Otherwise they might think you've gone nuts.
Extensive peer reviewed research has shown that visual clarity is not improved by exercise. Some people have weakness in the ability to turn their eye in or out. You may have esotropia (eye naturally turned in) or exotropia (eye naturally turned out). Exercise may help these conditions.
Doing these exercises when you wear contacts may cause them to suction to your eyeball. They might also move around and possibly become folded and/or dislodged, which can be extremely uncomfortable as well.
Do not apply pressure on your eyes.
Wash your hands before doing these exercises to avoid getting irritants in your eye.
[edit] Things You'll Need
Pencil
Eyes
We all know how important it is to keep our bodies fit by doing things like going to the gym, jogging, and swimming. But, did you know that you can exercise your eyes as well? Eye exercising will keep your eyes healthy and help minimize eyestrain.
[edit] Steps
Sit comfortably on a chair. Rub your hands together until they feel warm. Close your eyes and cover them lightly with your cupped palms. Avoid applying pressure on your eyeballs. Place your palms so that the nose remains uncovered, and the eyes remain behind the slight hollow of the palms. Make sure that no light rays enter the eyes, and leave no gaps between fingers or between the edge of the palms and the nose. You may still see other lingering traces of colors. Imagine deep blackness and focus on the blackness. Take deep breaths slowly and evenly, while thinking of some happy incident; or visualize a distant scene. After your eyes see nothing but blackness, remove your palms from your eyes. Repeat the palming for 3 minutes or more.
Close your eyes tightly for 3-5 seconds, then open them for 3-5 seconds. Repeat this 7 or 8 times.
Close your eyes and massage them with circular movements of your fingers for 1-2 minutes. Make sure you press very lightly; otherwise, you could hurt your eyes.
Press three fingers of each hand against your upper eyelids, and hold them there for 1-2 seconds, then release. Repeat 5 times.
Sit and relax. Roll your eyes clockwise, then counter-clockwise. Repeat 5 times, and blink in between each time.
Sit about 6 inches (200 mm) from the window. Make a mark on the glass at your eye level (a small sticker, black or red, would be perfect). Look through this mark and focus on something far away for 10-15 seconds; then focus on the mark again.
Hold a pencil in front of you at arm's length. Move your arm slowly to your nose, and follow the pencil with your eyes until you can keep it in focus. Repeat 10 times.
Look in front of you at the opposite wall and pretend that you are writing with your eyes, without turning your head. It may seem difficult at first, but with a bit of practice it is really fun. The bigger the letters, the better the effect.
Imagine that you are standing in front of a really big clock. Look at the middle of the clock. Then look at any hour mark, without turning your head. Look back at the center. Then look at another hour mark. Do this at least 12 times. You can also do this exercise with your eyes closed.
Focus on a distant object (over 150 feet or 50 m away) for several seconds and slowly refocus your eyes on a nearby object (less than 30 feet or 10 m away) that's in the same direction. Focus for several seconds and go back to the distant object. Do this 5 times.
Focus on an object in the distance (as far as possible) with a low contrasting background. Do this for a few minutes every half hour or so. This does not improve your vision, nor does any other technique. It can, however, maintain your best eyesight level during the day and prevent significant further vision deterioration.
[edit] Tips
It's more important to do the exercises regularly than to do them for a long time. Even 30-60 seconds of eye movement every hour is very helpful. For example, when your computer takes its sweet time to do something, most people just swear at the poor thing and waste the time, but you can make a few circles with your eyes. Even the first day you do this, you should notice that, when you finish working, your eyes aren't as tired as usual.
Taking short breaks from near work (e.g. staring at a computer monitor) to stare out to the distance also relieves some strain.
Palming is a good method to help your eyes feel better. You close your eyes and put you palms over them, this will rest your eyes.
Blink the eyes many times.
Splash your eyes with cold water repeatedly when feasible, and especially when your eyes are strained.
[edit] Warnings
Consult your optometrist (eye doctor) before doing any of these exercises. The last thing you want to do is add further strain to your eyes, or damage them permanently.
When doing these exercises, make sure that you're not facing anybody, or that they know you're doing eye exercises. Otherwise they might think you've gone nuts.
Extensive peer reviewed research has shown that visual clarity is not improved by exercise. Some people have weakness in the ability to turn their eye in or out. You may have esotropia (eye naturally turned in) or exotropia (eye naturally turned out). Exercise may help these conditions.
Doing these exercises when you wear contacts may cause them to suction to your eyeball. They might also move around and possibly become folded and/or dislodged, which can be extremely uncomfortable as well.
Do not apply pressure on your eyes.
Wash your hands before doing these exercises to avoid getting irritants in your eye.
[edit] Things You'll Need
Pencil
Eyes
Unknown Facts About Your Mobile
1) Emergency numberThe Emergency Number worldwide for Mobile is 112. Ifyou find yourself out of coverage area of yourmobile network and there is an emergency, dial 112and the mobile will search any existing network to establish theemergency number for you, and interestingly ...this number 112 can be dialed evenwhile the keypad is locked. Try it out.2) Locked the keys in the car? Your car has remotekeys?This may come in handy someday. Good reason to own acell phone: If you happen to lock your keys in the car and the sparekeys are home, call someone on your cell phone. Hold your cell phoneabout a foot from your car door and have the other person at your home pressthe unlock button, holding it near the phone on their end. Your carwill unlock.Saves someone from having to drive your keys to you.Distance is no object. You could be hundreds of miles away, and if you canreach someone who has the other "remote" for your car, you can unlock thedoors (or the trunk).Editor's Note: *It works fine! We tried it out andit unlocked our car over a cell phone!"3) Hidden Battery powerImagine your cell battery is very low, u r expecting an importantcall and u don't have a charger. Nokia instrument comes witha reserve battery. To activate, press the keys *3370#Your cell will restart with this reserve and the instrument will showa 50% increase in battery. This reserve will get chargedwhen u charge your cell next time.
Monday, July 14, 2008
How to make your smile more attractive
Ever look at the opposite (or even the same) sex, they give you a really warm and nice-looking smile and you get a really good feeling about that person - whether it’s that you’re on the same wavelength, you’re attracted to them or you just want to go over and make conversation?
A nice looking smile is an important aspect of non-verbal communication. A smile is the center of giving thanks, showing appreciation, accepting a deal, falling in love, making small talk and exhibiting inner happiness. I find that when I am naturally happy, grateful for all that I am and have, I smile more realistically than when I just smile for the sake of it.
As science has revealed, there are natural ways to increase the quality of your smile. Here are five ways you can have a warm, nicer looking and much more attractive smile:
1. Brush your teeth properly. Many people restrict their smile because they’re ashamed at the quality of their teeth. Make sure you give your teeth the time necessary to keep bacteria and plaque away. One lady I recently made gave me one of the most amazing smiles I’ve ever seen. I asked her how she smiled so nicely. She told me that as she takes care and time in brushing her teeth, she has nothing to worry about how she looks. (By the way, asking how a lady smiles so well - good or bad pickup line?)
2. Avoid snacking. Snacks that are high in sugar and carbs are worse as they can attack your teeth using the acid for as long as 20 minuts. Bacteria feed on the sugar and may start to grow on your teeth and gums. These include simple sugars in fruits, breads and vegetables. So ensure you time your eating with cleaning your teeth.
3. Drink plenty water. The most prominent feature when it comes to your overall health is always about water. Water will ensure your body has plenty fluid and doesn’t suffer from internal dehydration allowing your skin and lips to look smooth and sensational. Also, by drinking lots of water, you’ll prevent getting bad breath.
4. Straight teeth. We’re talking about a good smile here so I’ve got to write about teeth. Having straight teeth is an important facet of beautiful smiling. If you haven’t got straight teeth, do your best to get some by seeing a dentist/orthodontist and the effort you put in now will be great for future years. A more faster approach but more costly is cosmetic dentistry.
5. Live a healthy lifestyle. The most beautiful smile shines from within. Working out, eating right and practicing good overall hygiene will not only promote healthy teeth and gums, it will make you feel good about yourself. Your self-confidence and positive energy will radiate out of your expression’s most important asset - your beautiful smile.
HAIR CARE · DIET & HEALTHY HAIR
HAIR CARE · DIET & HEALTHY HAIR
Eat your way to beautiful, healthy hair. Just like your body, your hair also needs a balanced diet to stay healthy.
Diet solution for dry and brittle hair:
If your hair is dry and breaks easily, it is probably a lack of essential fatty acids. By including plenty of good sources of essential fatty acids in your diet you can give your hair back its strength and lustre.
You can find these essential fatty acids in oily fish such as tuna, sardines, trout, salmon, herrings and mackeral. Also in seeds, nuts, olives and avocados. You should try to eat four servings of oily fish a week.
Sprinkling flaxseed oil and pumpkin seeds over your morning cereal is another great way to get these much needed essential fatty acids in your diet.
To keep your hair well hydrated, be sure to drink six to eight 8-ounce glasses of water ever day!
Another nutrient important for hair strength and growth is trace mineral silica. Silica is vital to the strength of hair, and can stop hair breakage, unfortunately many of the foods we eat in the western world lack this mineral. Through food processing and chemical soil treatments, trace minerals are rare in our diets.
When possible, always choose organic produce. Foods that a rich in silica are rice, oats, lettuce, parsnips, asparagus, onion, strawberry, cabbage, cucumber, leek, sunflower seeds, celery, rhubarb, cauliflower and green, leafy vegetables.
Diet solution for greasy and lanky hair:
A lack of vitamin B in ones diet can lead to oily, greasy hair. To fight off greasy hair, be sure to eat lots of whole grains, nuts, seeds, dairy products, eggs, wheatgrem, legumes and green, leafy vegetables. These are all great sources of B-complex vitamins.
Also steer clear of oily foods where possible.
Diet solution for hair starting to turn grey:
Although the link between premature greying and diet hasn't been established, evidence does suggest the amino acid tyrosine - which acts as a precursor to color producing pigments in the hair and skin - can help!
Diet solution for hair that is starting to thin and fall out:
Thinning hair or hair loss may be a sign of iron deficiency. Be sure to eat plenty of iron rich foods, such as red meat, eggs, legumes, wholegrain cereals, dried fruits and green, leafy vegetables.
Since hair is composed mostly of protein, your hair will most likely respond well to the addition of high protein foods such as meats, eggs, cheese, seeds and nuts. These protein-rich foods can help reinforce the hair follicles and prevents the hair from falling out.
There is some evidence suggesting soya protein helps stimulate growth, so switch to soy milk and include some tofu, miso and soy beans in your diet.
Vitamin E is found in green, leafy vegetables, nuts and grains and can also help hair loss. Hair loss can also be a sign of thyroid dysfunction. To stimulate the thyroid gland, eat foods rich in iodine such as seafood and kelp.
Also including iron and B vitamins in your diet will help. Stick to a diet rich in antioxidants - fruit, vegetables and tea - to help slow the ageing process in general.
Foods, Vitamins and supplements to help hair growth
Hair is mostly protein, so nutritionists advise those wanting healthy hair to eat well balanced diets that include healthy proteins, along with foods high in vitamin B, C, E, A and K.
Your hair will most likely respond well to the addition of high protein foods such as meats, eggs, cheese, seeds and nuts. Fish has good protein as well as essential fatty acids and natural oils.
Vitamin B - Green vegetables, beans, sunflower seeds, nuts and peas.
Vitamin C - Citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, limes, melons and berries.
Vitamin E - Avocados, rice bran, nuts, dark green vegetables, legumes and whole grains.
Vitamin A - Carrots, sweet potatoes, squash, broccoli, cantaloupe and apricots.
Vitamin K - Seafood, dairy, figs, asparagus, broccoli, lettuce, brussel sprouts, cabbage, dark green leafy vegetables, oatmeal, soybeans, wheat, yoghurt, egg yolks and liver.
Eat your way to beautiful, healthy hair. Just like your body, your hair also needs a balanced diet to stay healthy.
Diet solution for dry and brittle hair:
If your hair is dry and breaks easily, it is probably a lack of essential fatty acids. By including plenty of good sources of essential fatty acids in your diet you can give your hair back its strength and lustre.
You can find these essential fatty acids in oily fish such as tuna, sardines, trout, salmon, herrings and mackeral. Also in seeds, nuts, olives and avocados. You should try to eat four servings of oily fish a week.
Sprinkling flaxseed oil and pumpkin seeds over your morning cereal is another great way to get these much needed essential fatty acids in your diet.
To keep your hair well hydrated, be sure to drink six to eight 8-ounce glasses of water ever day!
Another nutrient important for hair strength and growth is trace mineral silica. Silica is vital to the strength of hair, and can stop hair breakage, unfortunately many of the foods we eat in the western world lack this mineral. Through food processing and chemical soil treatments, trace minerals are rare in our diets.
When possible, always choose organic produce. Foods that a rich in silica are rice, oats, lettuce, parsnips, asparagus, onion, strawberry, cabbage, cucumber, leek, sunflower seeds, celery, rhubarb, cauliflower and green, leafy vegetables.
Diet solution for greasy and lanky hair:
A lack of vitamin B in ones diet can lead to oily, greasy hair. To fight off greasy hair, be sure to eat lots of whole grains, nuts, seeds, dairy products, eggs, wheatgrem, legumes and green, leafy vegetables. These are all great sources of B-complex vitamins.
Also steer clear of oily foods where possible.
Diet solution for hair starting to turn grey:
Although the link between premature greying and diet hasn't been established, evidence does suggest the amino acid tyrosine - which acts as a precursor to color producing pigments in the hair and skin - can help!
Diet solution for hair that is starting to thin and fall out:
Thinning hair or hair loss may be a sign of iron deficiency. Be sure to eat plenty of iron rich foods, such as red meat, eggs, legumes, wholegrain cereals, dried fruits and green, leafy vegetables.
Since hair is composed mostly of protein, your hair will most likely respond well to the addition of high protein foods such as meats, eggs, cheese, seeds and nuts. These protein-rich foods can help reinforce the hair follicles and prevents the hair from falling out.
There is some evidence suggesting soya protein helps stimulate growth, so switch to soy milk and include some tofu, miso and soy beans in your diet.
Vitamin E is found in green, leafy vegetables, nuts and grains and can also help hair loss. Hair loss can also be a sign of thyroid dysfunction. To stimulate the thyroid gland, eat foods rich in iodine such as seafood and kelp.
Also including iron and B vitamins in your diet will help. Stick to a diet rich in antioxidants - fruit, vegetables and tea - to help slow the ageing process in general.
Foods, Vitamins and supplements to help hair growth
Hair is mostly protein, so nutritionists advise those wanting healthy hair to eat well balanced diets that include healthy proteins, along with foods high in vitamin B, C, E, A and K.
Your hair will most likely respond well to the addition of high protein foods such as meats, eggs, cheese, seeds and nuts. Fish has good protein as well as essential fatty acids and natural oils.
Vitamin B - Green vegetables, beans, sunflower seeds, nuts and peas.
Vitamin C - Citrus fruits like oranges, lemons, limes, melons and berries.
Vitamin E - Avocados, rice bran, nuts, dark green vegetables, legumes and whole grains.
Vitamin A - Carrots, sweet potatoes, squash, broccoli, cantaloupe and apricots.
Vitamin K - Seafood, dairy, figs, asparagus, broccoli, lettuce, brussel sprouts, cabbage, dark green leafy vegetables, oatmeal, soybeans, wheat, yoghurt, egg yolks and liver.
Sunday, July 13, 2008
Boss
baa^sa
saunaa hO jaapana maoM Aa^ifsaaoM maoM baa^sa ko rbar ko putlao kOMTIna maoM rK ide jaato hOM. laaoga Aato jaato kana eoMza krto hOM.naak maraoD, sakto hOM Aqavaa caahoM tao GaUMsao BaI maar sakto hOM. jaapana vaalaaoM ka khnaa hO ik [sasao ]nako vak-r bahut hI TonSana f`I rhto hOM. baohtr ]%padna doto hOM AaOr AsalaI baa^sa BaI mahfUja, rhto hOM.
yaUM tao Baart ek laaoktM~ hO Saayad [saI ko calato baa^sa laaogaaoM kao saIQao saIQao vak-r ko hvaalao kr donoa ka irvaaja hO.Aba vak-r kI [cCa hOoM gairyaae‚ Gaorava kro Aqavaa caakU hI maar do.phlao baa^sa ApraQa kI duinayaa maoM haoto qao. baa^sa ko naama sao jaao tsvaIr ja,hna maoM AatI qaI‚ vah isagaar pI rho kalaa caSmaa hOT lagaae AaovarkaoT phnao KUMKar AadmaI kI haotI qaI jaao baat baat maoM gaaolaI calaa dota qaa.
]sakI gaaod maoM iballaI Daila-Mga va kusaI- ko h%qao pr ilalaI Daila-Mga huAa krto qao. kalaantr maoM baa^sa laaogaaoM ka $pantr huAa AaOr vao Da^na ikMga AaOr ivaQaayak bana gayao. iballaI kI jagah dFtr maoM ]nhoM imalao caUho kbaUtr AaOr maQauma@KI ko Cto. ilalaI kI jagah baojaar qakIharI majabaUr lalanaaeM qaI jaao yaa tao dhoja jauTa rhIM qaIM yaa jaIvana str kao }pr ]zanao kI rssaakSaI kr rhI qaIM. baa^sa Aalaaocanaa ka sava-ip`ya Ta^ipk haota hO. baa^sa kI inanda caTpTI f`UtcaaT kI trh haotI hO. f`UtcaaT saBaI kao ip`ya haotI hO. basa masaalaa kma jyaada haota rhta hO.b aa^sa kI CaoTI CaoTI baataoM kao BaI naaoT kr ]naka saUxma ivaSlaoYaNa TI Ta[ma laMca Ta[ma maoM A@sar haota hO. kOsao vah hmaoSaa banazna ko rhta hO Aqavaa ]sao kpD,o phnanao kI tmaIja nahIM. kOsao vah hrdma hMsata rhta hO Aqavaa manahUsa hO‚ mauskrata BaI nahIM. kOsao vaao jaubaana ka‚ idla ka kalaa ka yaa ifr pUra ka pUra Kraba hO. cair~ ko baad gaaOr krto hOM baa^sa kI Anya ivaSaoYataAaoM pr.
yah vah p`aNaI hO jaao Aap dFtr jaldI jaato hOM tao dor sao Aata hO AaOr Aap dor sao jaato hOM tao vah jaldI Aa Qamakta hO. ibalkula hI Baraosao ko laayak nahIM hO. Ta[-ma baoTa[-ma faona krnaa ]sakI ha^baI hO. Kud kao tao baIvaI baccaaoM kI prvaah hO nahIM Aayao idna Aapkao BaI dor rat tk dFtr maoM ibazata hO. iksaI kao hMsata tao doK hI nahIM sakta. kuC sanakI BaI maalaUma dota hO. kBaI tao KuSa haokr pUro ko pUro Kanadana kI saoht ko baaro maoM pUCta hO kBaI eosao doKta hO jaOsao phlaI baar imalao haoM.
baat baat maoM AMga`ojaI baaolanaa BaI baa^sa laaogaaoM ka ek gauNa haota hO. Kasakr blaODI naa^nasaoMsa‚ Aa[- kanT sTOMD caalaI-‚ Aaoh hOla yaU DaonT naao maI ribaSa‚ Aaid Aaid. baa^sa laaoga blaD p`OSar ,DayaibaTIja, AaOr haT- p`a^blama sao bahuQaa pIiD,t doKo jaato hOM. baa^sa laaoga isagaroT pana ka SaaOk BaI krto hOM pr pICo yah kma sao kmatr hao gayaa hO. [Qar iD/M@sa ka ka^kTola ka fOSana cala inaklaa hO‚ [sa maoM saBaI laOvala ko baa^sa kI saik`ya sahBaaigata rhtI hO. ek AcCo baa^sa kao hMsanaa tao dUr mauskranaa BaI kma sao kma caaihyao. [sasao raOba pD,ta hO. yadakda piricat laaogaaoM kao BaI phcaananao sao [nkar kr donaa caaihyao.
baa^sa laaogaaoM kao sada samaya kI kmaI rhtI hO. kao[- inamaM~Na do tao saIQao samaya kI kmaI batanaI caaihyao. hjaar ijad kro tao samaaraoh maoM dor sao jaanaa caaihyao AaOr baar-baar GaD,I doKto hue ijatnaI jaldI hao vaapsa cala donaa caaihyao. Aapkao AaOr caar jagah jaanaa hO AaOr AaiKr Aap baa^sa hOM‚ Gaur} nahIM ik zalao baOzo kao[- AaOr kama hI nahIM. baa^sa laaoga SaarIirk $p sao ek jagah rhto hOM tao idmaaga sao khIM AaOr. zalao BaI baOznaa hao tao batato nahIM. lauk ibajaI, DU naiqaMga.
baasa^ vah jaao maatht kI kmaI inakalao ]sao raokta Taokta rho.AaQao idna kI Cu+I caaihyao tao AaQao dja-na savaala kro. baa^sa vah jaao hmaoSaa Gaunnaata rho. kBaI iksaI baat pr kBaI iksaI AaOr baat pr. baa^sa kBaI maUMgaflaI yaa kolao nahIM Kayaa krto. vao kajaU Kato hOM AaOr jaUsa pIto hOM. baa^sa ihndI ko AKbaar yaa pi~ka nahIM pZ,to sadOva AMga`ojaI ko pZ,to hOM. baa^sa maaOko–baomaaOko yao khnao sao BaI nahIM caUkto ik ]nakI ihndI bahut 'vaIk' hO. ibahar kI ]na Ca~aAaoM kI trh jaao jao ,ena ,yaU ,javaahrlaala naoh$ yaUinavaisa-TI ko Zabao vaalao sao khtI saunaI jaatIM hOM‚ "kaSaIrama jaI Tuma hmakao TU kp TI dIijayao PlaIja,. vhaT DOola 'dala' banaayaa hO Tumanao".
caaho AaolD fOSana ko hI @yaaoM na haoM baa^sa hmaoSaa saUT baUT maoM hI rhto hOM. Ta[- caSmaa safarI saUT tao banao hI baa^sa ko ilayao hOM. baa^sa gaMjaa hao tao samaJaao saaonao maoM saugaMQa. baa^sa Avvala tao iflmaoM doKto hI nahIM kBaI doKto BaI hOM tao kovala Aga`oMjaI iflmaoM. iflma ijatnaI saIiryasa AaOr baaoirMga haogaI baa^sa laaogaaoM kao ]tnaI hI BaatI hO. baa^sa laaoga ek AaQa ca@kr ivadoSa ka ja$r lagaa Aato hOM. hao sako tao sarkarI Kcao- pr. [sasao vaata-laap Sau$ krnao K%ma krnao AaOr baIca baIca maoM ApnaI Qaak jamaanao ko ilayao bahut AcCa maOTIiryala imalata hO. yaqaa "laasT ivanTr jaba maOM sToT\sa maoM qaa ,,,,,, , , ,"‚ "ek baar landna maoM maoro saaqa yahI huAa ,,,, , , ," ‚ "Aa[-sak`Ima tao maOMnao eifla Ta^var pr Ka[- qaI ,,, , , ,"
baa^sa laaoga saa[-ikla yaa skUTr pr nahIM calaa krto. vao kar maoM AaOr kma sao kma caaT-D basa sao naIcao tao safr hI nahIM krto. dUsaro Sahr jaanaa hao tao jahaM tk hao sako ''Flaa[-'' krto hOM. vaotna caOk sao laoto hOM. Apnao ibalaaoM ka Baugatana k`OiDTkaD- sao krto hOM. ]nako "ofovairT" laoKk haoto hOM. ponTr AaOr e@Tr haoto hOM. vaao BaI doSaI nahIM Kailasa ivadoSaI. hujaUr yao hOM baa^sa kI kuC ivaSaoYataeM. saUcaI lambaI hao saktI hO magar baa^sa kao jyaada ilaKnaa baaolanaa SaaoBaa dota hO @yaa Aap hI bata[-yao.
saunaa hO jaapana maoM Aa^ifsaaoM maoM baa^sa ko rbar ko putlao kOMTIna maoM rK ide jaato hOM. laaoga Aato jaato kana eoMza krto hOM.naak maraoD, sakto hOM Aqavaa caahoM tao GaUMsao BaI maar sakto hOM. jaapana vaalaaoM ka khnaa hO ik [sasao ]nako vak-r bahut hI TonSana f`I rhto hOM. baohtr ]%padna doto hOM AaOr AsalaI baa^sa BaI mahfUja, rhto hOM.
yaUM tao Baart ek laaoktM~ hO Saayad [saI ko calato baa^sa laaogaaoM kao saIQao saIQao vak-r ko hvaalao kr donoa ka irvaaja hO.Aba vak-r kI [cCa hOoM gairyaae‚ Gaorava kro Aqavaa caakU hI maar do.phlao baa^sa ApraQa kI duinayaa maoM haoto qao. baa^sa ko naama sao jaao tsvaIr ja,hna maoM AatI qaI‚ vah isagaar pI rho kalaa caSmaa hOT lagaae AaovarkaoT phnao KUMKar AadmaI kI haotI qaI jaao baat baat maoM gaaolaI calaa dota qaa.
]sakI gaaod maoM iballaI Daila-Mga va kusaI- ko h%qao pr ilalaI Daila-Mga huAa krto qao. kalaantr maoM baa^sa laaogaaoM ka $pantr huAa AaOr vao Da^na ikMga AaOr ivaQaayak bana gayao. iballaI kI jagah dFtr maoM ]nhoM imalao caUho kbaUtr AaOr maQauma@KI ko Cto. ilalaI kI jagah baojaar qakIharI majabaUr lalanaaeM qaI jaao yaa tao dhoja jauTa rhIM qaIM yaa jaIvana str kao }pr ]zanao kI rssaakSaI kr rhI qaIM. baa^sa Aalaaocanaa ka sava-ip`ya Ta^ipk haota hO. baa^sa kI inanda caTpTI f`UtcaaT kI trh haotI hO. f`UtcaaT saBaI kao ip`ya haotI hO. basa masaalaa kma jyaada haota rhta hO.b aa^sa kI CaoTI CaoTI baataoM kao BaI naaoT kr ]naka saUxma ivaSlaoYaNa TI Ta[ma laMca Ta[ma maoM A@sar haota hO. kOsao vah hmaoSaa banazna ko rhta hO Aqavaa ]sao kpD,o phnanao kI tmaIja nahIM. kOsao vah hrdma hMsata rhta hO Aqavaa manahUsa hO‚ mauskrata BaI nahIM. kOsao vaao jaubaana ka‚ idla ka kalaa ka yaa ifr pUra ka pUra Kraba hO. cair~ ko baad gaaOr krto hOM baa^sa kI Anya ivaSaoYataAaoM pr.
yah vah p`aNaI hO jaao Aap dFtr jaldI jaato hOM tao dor sao Aata hO AaOr Aap dor sao jaato hOM tao vah jaldI Aa Qamakta hO. ibalkula hI Baraosao ko laayak nahIM hO. Ta[-ma baoTa[-ma faona krnaa ]sakI ha^baI hO. Kud kao tao baIvaI baccaaoM kI prvaah hO nahIM Aayao idna Aapkao BaI dor rat tk dFtr maoM ibazata hO. iksaI kao hMsata tao doK hI nahIM sakta. kuC sanakI BaI maalaUma dota hO. kBaI tao KuSa haokr pUro ko pUro Kanadana kI saoht ko baaro maoM pUCta hO kBaI eosao doKta hO jaOsao phlaI baar imalao haoM.
baat baat maoM AMga`ojaI baaolanaa BaI baa^sa laaogaaoM ka ek gauNa haota hO. Kasakr blaODI naa^nasaoMsa‚ Aa[- kanT sTOMD caalaI-‚ Aaoh hOla yaU DaonT naao maI ribaSa‚ Aaid Aaid. baa^sa laaoga blaD p`OSar ,DayaibaTIja, AaOr haT- p`a^blama sao bahuQaa pIiD,t doKo jaato hOM. baa^sa laaoga isagaroT pana ka SaaOk BaI krto hOM pr pICo yah kma sao kmatr hao gayaa hO. [Qar iD/M@sa ka ka^kTola ka fOSana cala inaklaa hO‚ [sa maoM saBaI laOvala ko baa^sa kI saik`ya sahBaaigata rhtI hO. ek AcCo baa^sa kao hMsanaa tao dUr mauskranaa BaI kma sao kma caaihyao. [sasao raOba pD,ta hO. yadakda piricat laaogaaoM kao BaI phcaananao sao [nkar kr donaa caaihyao.
baa^sa laaogaaoM kao sada samaya kI kmaI rhtI hO. kao[- inamaM~Na do tao saIQao samaya kI kmaI batanaI caaihyao. hjaar ijad kro tao samaaraoh maoM dor sao jaanaa caaihyao AaOr baar-baar GaD,I doKto hue ijatnaI jaldI hao vaapsa cala donaa caaihyao. Aapkao AaOr caar jagah jaanaa hO AaOr AaiKr Aap baa^sa hOM‚ Gaur} nahIM ik zalao baOzo kao[- AaOr kama hI nahIM. baa^sa laaoga SaarIirk $p sao ek jagah rhto hOM tao idmaaga sao khIM AaOr. zalao BaI baOznaa hao tao batato nahIM. lauk ibajaI, DU naiqaMga.
baasa^ vah jaao maatht kI kmaI inakalao ]sao raokta Taokta rho.AaQao idna kI Cu+I caaihyao tao AaQao dja-na savaala kro. baa^sa vah jaao hmaoSaa Gaunnaata rho. kBaI iksaI baat pr kBaI iksaI AaOr baat pr. baa^sa kBaI maUMgaflaI yaa kolao nahIM Kayaa krto. vao kajaU Kato hOM AaOr jaUsa pIto hOM. baa^sa ihndI ko AKbaar yaa pi~ka nahIM pZ,to sadOva AMga`ojaI ko pZ,to hOM. baa^sa maaOko–baomaaOko yao khnao sao BaI nahIM caUkto ik ]nakI ihndI bahut 'vaIk' hO. ibahar kI ]na Ca~aAaoM kI trh jaao jao ,ena ,yaU ,javaahrlaala naoh$ yaUinavaisa-TI ko Zabao vaalao sao khtI saunaI jaatIM hOM‚ "kaSaIrama jaI Tuma hmakao TU kp TI dIijayao PlaIja,. vhaT DOola 'dala' banaayaa hO Tumanao".
caaho AaolD fOSana ko hI @yaaoM na haoM baa^sa hmaoSaa saUT baUT maoM hI rhto hOM. Ta[- caSmaa safarI saUT tao banao hI baa^sa ko ilayao hOM. baa^sa gaMjaa hao tao samaJaao saaonao maoM saugaMQa. baa^sa Avvala tao iflmaoM doKto hI nahIM kBaI doKto BaI hOM tao kovala Aga`oMjaI iflmaoM. iflma ijatnaI saIiryasa AaOr baaoirMga haogaI baa^sa laaogaaoM kao ]tnaI hI BaatI hO. baa^sa laaoga ek AaQa ca@kr ivadoSa ka ja$r lagaa Aato hOM. hao sako tao sarkarI Kcao- pr. [sasao vaata-laap Sau$ krnao K%ma krnao AaOr baIca baIca maoM ApnaI Qaak jamaanao ko ilayao bahut AcCa maOTIiryala imalata hO. yaqaa "laasT ivanTr jaba maOM sToT\sa maoM qaa ,,,,,, , , ,"‚ "ek baar landna maoM maoro saaqa yahI huAa ,,,, , , ," ‚ "Aa[-sak`Ima tao maOMnao eifla Ta^var pr Ka[- qaI ,,, , , ,"
baa^sa laaoga saa[-ikla yaa skUTr pr nahIM calaa krto. vao kar maoM AaOr kma sao kma caaT-D basa sao naIcao tao safr hI nahIM krto. dUsaro Sahr jaanaa hao tao jahaM tk hao sako ''Flaa[-'' krto hOM. vaotna caOk sao laoto hOM. Apnao ibalaaoM ka Baugatana k`OiDTkaD- sao krto hOM. ]nako "ofovairT" laoKk haoto hOM. ponTr AaOr e@Tr haoto hOM. vaao BaI doSaI nahIM Kailasa ivadoSaI. hujaUr yao hOM baa^sa kI kuC ivaSaoYataeM. saUcaI lambaI hao saktI hO magar baa^sa kao jyaada ilaKnaa baaolanaa SaaoBaa dota hO @yaa Aap hI bata[-yao.
Thursday, July 10, 2008
Winow XP Audio Drivers Problems
Dear all
Are you really worried about Windod Vista and trying to move on Window XP and if you face problem loading drivers of Audio vedio and networks.
So the best solution is to talk with HP Contact they will give you the complete information regading this problem.
i also faced this problem and talked following chats may help you to resolve drivers issue.
Victor: Hello Manoj.
Victor: Welcome to HP Total Care Chat Support. My name is Victor. How may I assist you today?
Manoj Singh: hi victor
Manoj Singh: i had winow vista installed in my HP laptop
Victor: Okay, please go on.
Manoj Singh: but now i have format the laptop and now installed winodow xp professional
Manoj Singh: but i am unable to hear the voice
Manoj Singh: can you give me the audio driver?
Victor: HP does not recommend downgrading the Operating System. We support only the pre-installed Operating System. However, let me see how I can help you with this.
Victor: To provide the driver link for audio, may I have the Serial and Product Number of the Notebook under discussion?
Manoj Singh: wait a second
Victor: Sure.
Manoj Singh: Serial No - CNF7304980
Manoj Singh: Product No - GA384UA#ABA
Victor: Thank you for the serial and product number.
Victor: Could you please confirm the processor of the Notebook ? Is it Intel or AMD ?
Manoj Singh: Intel
Victor: Before installing Audio driver you need to install UAA driver from the following link : ftp://ftp.hp.com/pub/softpaq/sp33501-34000/sp33867.exe
Victor: Note: To see changes we need to restart the notebook after the installation of this Update.
Victor: After installing this, download and install the Conexant High Definition Audio Driver from the following link:
ftp://ftp.hp.com/pub/softpaq/sp34001-34500/sp34200.exe
Victor: This will create a swsetup folder in C drive ("C:\swsetup\sp34200")
Victor: Installing this driver may result in an error. But continue with the following steps to get the audio driver installed correctly.
Victor: 1. Click on Start and select Run. Now type devmgmt.msc and press enter.
Victor: 2. Right click on "Audio device on High Definition Audio Bus" and click Update driver.
Victor: 3. Select "Install from a list or specific location" .
Victor: 4. Click Next. Then select "Don't search, I will choose the driver to install" .
Victor: 5. Click Next and then select "Sound, video and game controller" from the list.
Victor: 6. Click Next and then click Have Disk.
Victor: 7. Click Browse C:\swsetup\sp34200 folder and select the .inf (wis30b2a) file and click open and Continue with the onscreen instructions.
Victor: Am I clear with the instructions ?
Manoj Singh: Yes you are.
Victor: This should resolve the issue.
Manoj Singh: will this process is sufficient for audio drivers
Victor: Would there be anything else I may assist you with today ?
Victor: Yes.
Manoj Singh: Thank you victor i am doing this if i face any problem i will call again
Manoj Singh: By the way thank you so much for consideration of my problem
Victor: My pleasure!
Manoj Singh: have a great day buddy
Victor: Thank you for using HP Total Care and giving us an opportunity to serve you through Chat Support.
Victor: Bye and take care!!!
Are you really worried about Windod Vista and trying to move on Window XP and if you face problem loading drivers of Audio vedio and networks.
So the best solution is to talk with HP Contact they will give you the complete information regading this problem.
i also faced this problem and talked following chats may help you to resolve drivers issue.
Victor: Hello Manoj.
Victor: Welcome to HP Total Care Chat Support. My name is Victor. How may I assist you today?
Manoj Singh: hi victor
Manoj Singh: i had winow vista installed in my HP laptop
Victor: Okay, please go on.
Manoj Singh: but now i have format the laptop and now installed winodow xp professional
Manoj Singh: but i am unable to hear the voice
Manoj Singh: can you give me the audio driver?
Victor: HP does not recommend downgrading the Operating System. We support only the pre-installed Operating System. However, let me see how I can help you with this.
Victor: To provide the driver link for audio, may I have the Serial and Product Number of the Notebook under discussion?
Manoj Singh: wait a second
Victor: Sure.
Manoj Singh: Serial No - CNF7304980
Manoj Singh: Product No - GA384UA#ABA
Victor: Thank you for the serial and product number.
Victor: Could you please confirm the processor of the Notebook ? Is it Intel or AMD ?
Manoj Singh: Intel
Victor: Before installing Audio driver you need to install UAA driver from the following link : ftp://ftp.hp.com/pub/softpaq/sp33501-34000/sp33867.exe
Victor: Note: To see changes we need to restart the notebook after the installation of this Update.
Victor: After installing this, download and install the Conexant High Definition Audio Driver from the following link:
ftp://ftp.hp.com/pub/softpaq/sp34001-34500/sp34200.exe
Victor: This will create a swsetup folder in C drive ("C:\swsetup\sp34200")
Victor: Installing this driver may result in an error. But continue with the following steps to get the audio driver installed correctly.
Victor: 1. Click on Start and select Run. Now type devmgmt.msc and press enter.
Victor: 2. Right click on "Audio device on High Definition Audio Bus" and click Update driver.
Victor: 3. Select "Install from a list or specific location" .
Victor: 4. Click Next. Then select "Don't search, I will choose the driver to install" .
Victor: 5. Click Next and then select "Sound, video and game controller" from the list.
Victor: 6. Click Next and then click Have Disk.
Victor: 7. Click Browse C:\swsetup\sp34200 folder and select the .inf (wis30b2a) file and click open and Continue with the onscreen instructions.
Victor: Am I clear with the instructions ?
Manoj Singh: Yes you are.
Victor: This should resolve the issue.
Manoj Singh: will this process is sufficient for audio drivers
Victor: Would there be anything else I may assist you with today ?
Victor: Yes.
Manoj Singh: Thank you victor i am doing this if i face any problem i will call again
Manoj Singh: By the way thank you so much for consideration of my problem
Victor: My pleasure!
Manoj Singh: have a great day buddy
Victor: Thank you for using HP Total Care and giving us an opportunity to serve you through Chat Support.
Victor: Bye and take care!!!
Tuesday, July 8, 2008
ESRI EDN Problems
Dear All
I would like to you all participate in this problem which i have logged on EDN
Forum: ArcGIS Desktop
- Data Editing
http://forums.esri.com/Thread.asp?c=93&f=987&t=256294
Please reply on this forum if you know
Thanks in advance
I would like to you all participate in this problem which i have logged on EDN
Forum: ArcGIS Desktop
- Data Editing
http://forums.esri.com/Thread.asp?c=93&f=987&t=256294
Please reply on this forum if you know
Thanks in advance
Tuesday, July 1, 2008
Human Body Unknown Facts
1. The stomach’s digestive acids are strong enough to dissolve zinc. Fortunately for us, the cells in the stomach lining renew so quickly that the acids don’t have time to dissolve it.
2. The lungs contain over 300,000 million capillaries (tiny blood vessels). If they were laid end to end, they would stretch 2400km (1500 miles).
3. A man’s testicles manufacture 10 million new sperm cells each day - enough that he could repopulate the entire planet in only 6 months!
4. Human bone is as strong as granite in supporting weight. A block of bone the size of a matchbox can support 9 tonnes - that is four times as much as concrete can support.
5. Each finger and toenail takes six months to grow from base to tip.
6. The largest organ in the body is the skin. In an adult man it covers about 1.9m2 (20sq ft). The skin constantly flakes away - in a lifetime each person sheds around 18kg (40 lb) of skin.
7. When you sleep, you grow by about 8mm (0.3in). The next day you shrink back to your former height. The reason is that your cartilage discs are squeezed like sponges by the force of gravity when you stand or sit.
8. The average person in the west eats 50 tonnes of food and drinks 50,000 litres (11,000 gallons) of liquid during his life.
9. Each kidney contains 1 million individual filters. They filter an average of around 1.3 litres (2.2 pints) of blood per minute and expel up to 1.4 litres (2.5 pints) a day of urine.
10. The focusing muscles of the eyes move around 100,000 times a day. To give your leg muscles the same workout, you would need to walk 80km (50 miles) every day.
11. In 30 minutes, the average body gives off enough heat (combined) to bring a half gallon of water to boil.
12. A single human blood cell takes only 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.
13. A foreskin, the size of a postage stamp, from circumcised babies take only 21 days to grow skin that can cover three (3) basketball courts. Amazing isn’t it. Thanks to science. The laboratory-grown skin is used in treating burn patients.
14. The eyes receive approximately 90 percent of all our information, making us basically visual creatures.
15. The female ovaries contain nearly half-a-million egg cells, yet only 400 or so will ever get the opportunity to create a new life.
2. The lungs contain over 300,000 million capillaries (tiny blood vessels). If they were laid end to end, they would stretch 2400km (1500 miles).
3. A man’s testicles manufacture 10 million new sperm cells each day - enough that he could repopulate the entire planet in only 6 months!
4. Human bone is as strong as granite in supporting weight. A block of bone the size of a matchbox can support 9 tonnes - that is four times as much as concrete can support.
5. Each finger and toenail takes six months to grow from base to tip.
6. The largest organ in the body is the skin. In an adult man it covers about 1.9m2 (20sq ft). The skin constantly flakes away - in a lifetime each person sheds around 18kg (40 lb) of skin.
7. When you sleep, you grow by about 8mm (0.3in). The next day you shrink back to your former height. The reason is that your cartilage discs are squeezed like sponges by the force of gravity when you stand or sit.
8. The average person in the west eats 50 tonnes of food and drinks 50,000 litres (11,000 gallons) of liquid during his life.
9. Each kidney contains 1 million individual filters. They filter an average of around 1.3 litres (2.2 pints) of blood per minute and expel up to 1.4 litres (2.5 pints) a day of urine.
10. The focusing muscles of the eyes move around 100,000 times a day. To give your leg muscles the same workout, you would need to walk 80km (50 miles) every day.
11. In 30 minutes, the average body gives off enough heat (combined) to bring a half gallon of water to boil.
12. A single human blood cell takes only 60 seconds to make a complete circuit of the body.
13. A foreskin, the size of a postage stamp, from circumcised babies take only 21 days to grow skin that can cover three (3) basketball courts. Amazing isn’t it. Thanks to science. The laboratory-grown skin is used in treating burn patients.
14. The eyes receive approximately 90 percent of all our information, making us basically visual creatures.
15. The female ovaries contain nearly half-a-million egg cells, yet only 400 or so will ever get the opportunity to create a new life.
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