Friday, May 30, 2008

ArcGIS Topology Rules


Manoj Blog Spot Information (MBSI) is a blog where i will share my view in GIS and also i will discuss the problem posted by user.

Here i am starting the basic terms of GIS. First i am describing here the Topology
When asked if topology is a key concept of GIS, most GIS users will nod their heads in agreement. But ask these same folks about how topology is handled in shapefiles and the nodding heads give way to shrugging shoulders. Why should GIS users care about topology? What are the advantages and disadvantages of storing polygon data in shapefiles rather than coverages?
What Is Topology?
In 1736, the mathematician Leonhard Euler published a paper that arguably started the branch of mathematics known as topology. The problem that led to Euler's work in this area, known as "The Seven Bridges of Königsberg," is described in the accompanying article "Conundrum Inspires Topology." More recently, the United States Census Bureau, while preparing for the 1970 census, pioneered the application of mathematical topology to maps to reduce the errors in tabulating massive amounts of census data. Today, topology in GIS is generally defined as the spatial relationships between adjacent or neighboring features.
Mathematical topology assumes that geographic features occur on a two-dimensional plane. Through planar enforcement, spatial features can be represented through nodes (0-dimensional cells); edges, sometimes called arcs (one-dimensional cells); or polygons (two-dimensional cells). Because features can exist only on a plane, lines that cross are broken into separate lines that terminate at nodes representing intersections rather than simple vertices.
In GIS, topology is implemented through data structure. An ArcInfo coverage is a familiar topological data structure. A coverage explicitly stores topological relationships among neighboring polygons in the Arc Attribute Table (AAT) by storing the adjacent polygon IDs in the LPoly and RPoly fields. Adjacent lines are connected through nodes, and this information is stored in the arc-node table. The ArcInfo commands, CLEAN and BUILD, enforce planar topology on data and update topology tables.
Over the past two or three decades, the general consensus in the GIS community had been that topological data structures are advantageous because they provide an automated way to handle digitizing and editing errors and artifacts; reduce data storage for polygons because boundaries between adjacent polygons are stored only once; and enable advanced spatial analyses such as adjacency, connectivity, and containment. Another important consequence of planar enforcement is that a map that has topology contains space-filling, nonoverlapping polygons. Consequently, so-called cartographic (i.e., nontopological) data structures are no longer used by mainstream GIS software.

How to get sound, restful sleep

Restful sleep provides the foundation for our mental and physical well-being. Millions of people suffer from some form of insomnia, resulting in fatigue, lack of mental alertness, and weakened physical and mental health. Lack of sleep also contributes to both minor and major injury accidents.
Studies have shown that if you wake up at 3:00 in the morning and do not get back to sleep -- your immune cells do not work as well for the next 24 hours. Once you have a full night of sound sleep, they regain their disease-fighting abilities.
A chronic lack of sleep may cause much more serious problems than a simple tendency to doze off the next day. People who do not get enough sleep on a regular basis may become less sensitive to insulin which, over time, can raise the risk for
obesity
high blood pressure
diabetes
Dr. Eve Van Cauter at the University of Chicago found (1) that chronic sleep deprivation - 6.5 hours or less of sleep per night - had the same effect on insulin resistance as aging.
Just like poor diet, a sedentary lifestyle, aging and chronic stress, lack of sleep is a risk factor for type 2 diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes occurs when the body loses its ability to respond to insulin, the body's main blood sugar-regulating hormone. This insulin resistance causes blood-sugar levels to rise, which in turn increases the risk for a number of serious medical conditions including kidney damage, blindness, heart disease and lower limb amputations.
Steps you can take to ensure you enjoy restful sleep
Avoid bed-time snacks, particularly grains and sugars. These will raise blood sugar levels and make sleep difficult. Later, when blood sugar levels drop too low (hypoglycemia), you might wake up and not be able to fall back asleep.
Do not watch television or do any work in bed.
Once in bed, close your eyes and simply "feel your body" - this means focus on your body and wherever you notice tension, consciously relax that area. Then, simply watch your slow easy breathing until you fall asleep. The neti pot is a beneficial practice which may help you improve your breathing for better health.
Read spiritual or inspirational literature for a few minutes before bed. Avoid dramatic novels or distressing reading material.
Go to bed as early as possible. Our body systems, particularly the adrenal glands, do a majority of their recovering during the hours of 11PM and 1AM. In addition, your gallbladder dumps toxins during this same time period. If you are awake, those toxins back up into the liver which then secondarily back up into your entire system and cause further disruption to your health. Prior to the invention of electricity, people would go to bed shortly after sundown, as most animals do, which is what nature intended for humans as well.
So aim to be in your bed with the lights out between 9:30 P.M. and 10:30 P.M. If you are not used to getting to bed this early, move your bedtime up by 30 minutes every week until you are in bed by 10:30 P.M. For example, if you usually watch television until midnight, try turning off the TV by 11:30 for a week. Then aim for 30 minutes earlier, and finally 10:30 P.M.
Stay away from alcohol. Although alcohol makes people drowsy, its effect is short-lived and people will often wake up a few hours later, unable to fall back to sleep. Alcohol will also prevent you from falling into the deeper stages of sleep, where the body does most of its healing.
Avoid foods which you may be sensitive to. This is particularly true for dairy and wheat products, because they may have an effect on your sleep, such as causing apnea, gastrointestinal upset, excess congestion, and gas, among others.
Reduce or avoid as many drugs as possible. Many medications, both prescription and over-the-counter, may affect sleep. In many cases, the condition which caused the drugs to be taken in the first place can be addressed by following the guidelines elsewhere on this web site.
Sleep in complete darkness
Sleep in COMPLETE DARKNESS or as close to it as possible. When light hits the eyes, it disrupts the circadian rhythm of the pineal gland and the production of melatonin and seratonin.
There have even been studies (2) which show the effect a high level of melatonin (which sleeping in complete darkness produces) lowers your risk of cancer:
The researchers found that totally blind women have a 36% lower risk of breast cancer compared with sighted women. Women who became blind relatively early in their life (before age 65), appeared to be especially protected against breast cancer, with cancer incidence rates 49% below those of sighted women.
Only total blindness - not visual impairment - seemed to protect against breast cancer. According to the authors of the study, these findings support the theory that increased nighttime exposure to artificial light reduces melatonin levels, changing estrogen secretion rates and increasing risks for breast cancer.
High blood levels of the hormone melatonin may explain why blind women have significantly lower risks of breast cancer compared with sighted women.
Melatonin, an hormone which is secreted by the pineal gland in the brain and plays an important role in the body's sleep cycle, is thought to have an impact on the secretion of estrogen, which in turn influences breast cancer risks.
Blind women are, by definition, unreceptive to light, and may maintain high melatonin production at night regardless of external light conditions. The authors of the study believe this may be the mechanism whereby blind women are protected from breast cancer.


About an hour before bedtime, run a hot bath into which you place a few drops of a calming aromatherapy essential oils. You can also diffuse these scents in your bedroom.
Use sleep aids such as melatonin, valerian and others. If behavioral changes do not work, it may be possible to improve your sleep by supplementing with the hormone melatonin. However, I would exercise extreme caution in using melatonin, and only as a last resort, because it is a powerful hormone. The best price for melatonin I have found on the internet is here . Ideally it is best to increase melatonin levels naturally with exposure to bright sunlight in the daytime and absolute complete darkness at night. I recommend you get blackout drapes so no light is coming in from the outside.
A native plant both of Europe and North America, valerian is found to be mildly sedative and induce sleep for many people. In the UK, Germany and other European countries, valerian is officially approved as a sleep aid by medical authorities. Extensive research in Germany and Switzerland has showed that valerian encourages sleep and improves sleep quality.
I spend a lot of time researching supplements prices on the internet and in my opinion, the best price for high quality valerian can be found here. I also like Puritan Pride's special "Buy 1 Get 2 FREE" promotions on valerian root.
Studies have shown that, even in amounts 20 times higher than those normally recommended, valerian has no dangerous side effects. However, extremely large doses can cause dizziness, restlessness, blurred vision, nausea and grogginess in the morning. A dose of 300-500 mg of valerian root herbal extract seems to well for most people. Take valerian one hour before bedtime

Thursday, May 29, 2008

Arc Object Coding Problem


Dear All

My self Manoj Singh. I am going to start this blog more usefull to those guy who have some problem in ArcObject. I will do my best to solve your issue. If you have any query regarding arcobject in development write a comment on this blog with your query i will respond you soon.


or you can mail to me directly

manojsinghrana@gmail.com or write a comment on this

Pyramid Unknown Facts

The Fact which i am sharing with you are very unique , Please read carefully. I know you were not knowing before reading this. Enjoy


The exact number of stones was orginally estimated at 2,300,000 stone blocks weighing from 2-30 tons each with some weighing as much as 70 tons. Computer calculations indicate 590,712 stone blocks were used in its construction. It area covers 13.6 acres with each side greater than 5 acres in area.
There are supposedly 144,000 casing stones, all highly polished and flat to an accuracy of 1/100th of an inch, about 100 inches thick and weighing about 15 tons each with nearly perfect right angles for all six sides. Computer calculations indicated 40,745 casing stones were used averaging 40 tons each before the face angle was cut.
The average casing stone on the lowest level was 5 ft. long by 5 ft. high by 6 ft. deep and weighed 15 tons. The casing stones weighing as much as 20 tons were placed with an accuracy of 5/1000ths of an inch, and an intentional gap of about 2/100ths of an inch for mortar.
The casing stones for the Great Pyramid were cut in quarries from Tura and Masara located on the east bank of the Nile on outskirts of Cairo.
The mortar used is of an unknown origin. It has been analyzed and it's chemical composition is known but it can't be reproduced. It is stronger than the stone and still holding up today. The cornerstone foundations of the pyramid have ball and socket construction capable of dealing with heat expansion and earthquakes. The four corner sockets are at different heights. The vertical distance between the highest and lowest is 17 inches. The reference point known as the "mean socket level", or base level, is generally used as the reference for height and perimeter measurements. The "sidereal socket level" is the mean of just the SW and SE socket heights.
The length of a base is 9131 PI from corner to corner in a straight line. The length of a base side at the base socket level is 9131 pyramid inches or 365.24 pyramid cubits. The length of a base side at sidereal socket level is 9131.4 pyramid inches or 365.256+ pyramid cubits. The length of the perimeter at the sidereal socket level is 36525.63629+ pyramid inches. 201 complete courses of masonry remain with remnants of 2 more at the summit.
The top surface is 5478 pyramid inches above the mean socket level. Another 335 pyramid inches higher is the geometric apex formed by the corner edges of the projected mantle. The 35th course of stones is roughly 50 inches tall, nearly twice the height of the previous courses. The height of the 35th course = 1162.6 PI from ground or the length of the Antechamber x 10.
CAPSTONE THEORIES
The capstone is thought to have been intact about 100 B.C. since no mention of its absence was recorded by the historian Diodorus Siculus. The capstone of the pyramid is thought to have always been absent.
The capstone is thought to have been an exact replica of the large pyramid on a scale of 1 to sqrt(Pi)/100. The ratio of any corresponding pyramid dimension over the capstone dimension, when multiplied by the square root of Pi equals 100. The estimated height of the capstone is about 103.03+ pyramid inches and about 6-1/2 cubits on a side.
HEIGHT
The height of the pyramid to the missing apex formed by extending the sides is 5813 PI. The perfect formula height of the pyramid including the missing apex is 5813.2355653763+ PI, calculated from perimeter of base (sidereal s ocket level) divided by 2 Pi.
The height to the missing apex is 5812.98 PI.
The height of the pyramid without the capstone is 5496 PI.
The four faces of the pyramid are slightly concave, the only pyramid to have been built this way.
The centers of the four sides are indented with an extraordinary degree of precision forming the only 8 sided pyramid. The effect is not visible from the ground or from a distance but only from the air, and then only under the proper lighting conditions.
ANGLES
The 5 angles of the Great Pyramid are: edge to edge of face at apex =76:17:13.2 (degrees - minutues - seconds), edge to diagonal edge at apex = 96:3:0.0, dihedral or face to face parallel to base = 112:25:39.4edge to base = 41:59:50.5face to base = 51:51:14.3.
The face to base angle is the angle of the casing stones.
The Great Pyramid is the only pyramid to have chambers above ground level.
The volume of the pyramid is: V = 1/3 base area x height =161,559,817,000 cubic PI = 10,339,828.3 cubic pyramid cubits{(5813.2355653 PI)/3 * 9131 PI * 9131 PI}
The length of the Great Pyramid's corner edges are 8688.00 PI.
The slant face height of the Great Pyramid's sides are 7391.72 PI.
The area of the base covers 13.3 acres or 83,375,161 sq. PI.
The area of each face covers 10.8 acres or 67,493,782 sq PI.
The angle of the Descending Passage is 26 deg, 18 min, 9.5 sec or about 26.30 degrees.
The passages are straight to within 0.013 in. per 100 ft. The dimensions of the Descending Passage are 4535 PI in length, 41.524 PI in width, and 36.197 PI in height. [4:197]
The length of the Ascending passage from the junction of the Descending Passage to the Grand Gallery is 1543.46451 PI.
DOORS
The Great Pyramid had a swivel door entrance at one time.
Swivel doors were found in only two other pyramids:
Khufu's father and grandfather, Sneferu and Huni, respectively.
It is reported that when the pyramid was first broken into that the swivel door, weighing some 20 tons, was so well balanced that it could be opened by pushing out from the inside with only minimal force, but when closed, was so perfect a fit that it could scarcely be detected and there was not enough crack or crevice around the edges to gain a grasp from the outside.
The original entrance was located on the north face, about 49 feet above the base and 24 feet east of the central axis of the north face.
GATENBRINK'S DOOR
AIR SHAFTS
Of all the pyramids, only the Great Pyramid has "air shafts".
The King's Chamber has 2, about 5 inches in diameter which connect to the exterior.
The Queen's Chamber has 2 which stopped just short of the walls of the chamber and which do not penetrate completely to the exterior.
The cross section of these shafts are sometimes oval, sometimes domed, and sometimes rectangular.
SYMBOLS
There are no hieroglyphics or writings in the Great Pyramid other than those written later but not the pyramid builders. They are found in an upper relief chamber - some graphics on the wall of the Room of Chaos.
CEILINGS
Each of the ceiling stones in the Grand Gallery were individually removable.
The Great Pyramid could have functioned as a stellar observatory during its construction.
There are 36 ceiling stones in the roof of the Grand Gallery.
Taking average earth density as 1.0, the average density of the core limestone blocks is 0.412, the limestone casing blocks is 0.367, the granite of the King's Chamber is 0.479.
The estimate for the average density of the pyramid as a whole, taking into account the different type and quantities of stone as well as the hollow chambers is 0.4078994+ times that of the average earth density (taken as 1.0)
SECRET ROOMS
Sixty-five meters up the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber is a miniature portcullis slab discovered by a robotic camera in 1993. Attached are two copper fittings, one broken. This area of the shaft is lined with Tura limestone, which is typically used in pyramids only for lining chambers.
In the King's Chamber all of the stone joints are very tight except in the lower eft-hand corner of the west wall. Here the joints are larger than normal and covered by mortar. This is a strong indication of an opening to another chamber or passage. The Egyptian government has refused requests for further exploration.
In 1986 a French team using microgravimeter equipment detected small hidden cavities behind the west wall of the horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber. They were permitted to bore a 1" diameter hole and found a cavity filled with sand. They were not permitted to dig or tunnel for further investigation.
The cavities in the horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber correspond to two floor stones in this passageway with joints perpendicular to the rest of the joints in the floor stones. This type of indicator can also be found at the junction of the descending and ascending passageways.
About 70 feet along the north side of the Great Pyramid from the northeast corner is a 4x10 ft stone sunk into the foundation at an angle. The joints are very precise and this is the only stone in the foundation perimeter not at a right angle to normal construction. It would have been covered by the mantle but is now accessible since the mantle is gone. It is very likely an entrance. No further investigation has been done.
It has long been believed that the Sphinx had subterranean tunnels leading to each of the three major pyramids. In October, 1994, a passage leading to a subterranean area beneath the Sphinx was re-discovered.
In 1987 a Japenese team used an electromagnetic wave method to search for cavities in the Great Pyramid. They identified a cavity under the horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber about 1.5 meters beneath andextending for 2.5-3.0 meters in depth. They also identified a cavity behind the western part of the northern wall of the Queen's Chamber. They identified nocavities within the King's chamber, possibly due to the denser granite walls. Three potential cavities were identified in the area of the Sphinx.
GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL RELATIONS
The three major Egytian Pyramids at Giza are aligned to the three stars in Orion's belt.


The three main pyramids line up with the Belt of Orion.
This alignment is in accordance with Dwat, the art of placement as it was practiced in ancient Egypt, wherein the structures of the earth are positioned to mirror the architecture of heaven.
The information encoded into the Great Pyramid is repeated multiple times. With the mantle in place, the Great Pyramid could be seen from the mountains in Israel and probably the moon as well. Its polished surfaces would have reflected light like a beacon.
Mean Earth Temperature:
The average temperature of Egypt equals the average temperature of earth = avg. temperature of Queen's Chamber = 68 degrees Fahrenheit. With the original surrounding courtyards and temples in place, the pyramid was used as a sundial.
The pyramid was used to indicate solstices and equinoxes.
The pyramid is located at 29 degrees, 58 minutes, 51.06 seconds north latitude, and 31 degrees, 9 minutes, and 0.0 seconds east longitude.
Marks Spring Equinox:
Due to the angle of the sides of the pyramid vs. its latitude, it casts no shadow at noon during the spring equinox.
Aligned True North:
The Great Pyramid is the most accurately aligned structure in existence and faces true north with only 3/60th of a degree of error. The position of the North Pole moves over time and the pyramid was probably exactly aligned at one time.
Center of Land Mass:
The Great Pyramid is located at the center of the land mass of the earth. The east/west parallel that crosses the most land and the north/south meridian that crosses the most land intersect in two places on the earth, one in the ocean and the other at the Great Pyramid.
Tropical Year or Calendar Year:
The length of a base side is 9131 pyramid inches measured at the mean socket level, or 365.24 pyramid cubits, which is the number of days in a year. {9131/25 = 365.24, accurate to 5 digits}
Tropical Year:
The perimeter of the base divided by 100 = 365.24, the number of days in a year. {9131 PI * 4 / 100, accurate to 5 digits}
Tropical Year:
The length of the Antechamber used as the diameter of a circle produces a circumference of 365.242. {accurate to 6 digits}
Tropical Year:
The length of the granite portion of the floor of the antechamber to the King's Chamber times 2*sqrt(Pi) = 365.242
Tropical Year:
The ratio of the lengths of the Grand Gallery to the solid diagonal of the King's Chamber times 100 equals the number of days in a tropical year. {(1881.5985600 / 51.516461) * 100 = 365.242200, accurate to 8 digits}
Mean Distance to the Sun:
The height of the pyramid times 10**9 = avg. distance to sun. {5813.2355653 * 10**9 * (1 mi / 63291.58 PI) = 91,848,500 mi} Mean Distance to the Sun: Half of the length of the diagonal of the base times 10**6 = average distance to the sun Mean Distance to Sun: The height of the pyramid times 10**9 represents the mean radius of the earth's orbit around the sun, or Astronomical Unit. { 5813.235565376 pyramid inches x 10**9 = 91,848,816.9 miles} Mean Distance to Moon: ] The length of the Jubilee passage times 7 times 10**7 is the mean distance to the moon. {215.973053 PI * 7 * 10**7 =1.5118e10 PI = 238,865 miles }
Sun's Radius:
Twice the perimeter of the bottom of the granite coffer times 10**8 is the sun's mean radius. { 270.45378502 PI* 10**8 = 427,316 miles}
Earth's Polar Radius:
The sacred cubit times 10**7 = polar radius of the earth (distance from North Pole to Earth's center) {25 PI * 10**7 * (1.001081 in / 1 PI) * (1 ft / 12 in) * (1 mi/ 5280 ft) = 3950 miles }
Radius of the Earth:
The curvature designed into the faces of the pyramid exactly matches the radius of the earth.
Precession of the Equinoxes:
The sum of the pyramid's twobase diagonals in PI = length of the Precession of the Equinoxes (~25827 years) Precession of the Equinoxes:
The distance from the ceiling of the King's Chamber to the apex of the pyramid = 4110.5 PI. Which is the radius of a circle whose circumference = the precession of the equinoxes. {4110.5 * 2 * Pi= 25827}
Precession of the Equinoxes
The perimeter of the 35th course of blocks, which is much thicker than any of the other courses, gives a figure for the precession of the equinoxes. Average Land Height:
The average height of land above sea level for the earth is 5449 inches. This is also the height of the pyramid.
The pyramid suggests a temperature system: 0 = freezing point of water, 50 = unvarying temp of Queen's Chamber, 250 = boiling point of water.
Given this, then 1000 = temp of red hot iron, 4000 = temp that iron liquifies, and 5000 = temp of white heat and temp that platinum fuses. Nice round numbers. [39:45] - 5 cubic pyramid inches of earth of average density has the same mass as 1/(50x50) of the coffer's volume of water at a temperature that is 1/5th the difference between freezing and boiling.
On midnight of the autumnal equinox in the year of the Great Pyramid's completion, a line extending from the apex pointed to the star Alcyone.
Our solar system is thought by some to revolve around this star along with other solar systems much like the planets revolve around our sun.
A line drawn on a map from the apex of the pyramid to Bethlehem =angle of the Ascending Passage and crosses the Red Sea at the most likely point that the Israelites crossed when departing Egypt (Parting of the Red Sea).
A line drawn on a map south from the apex of the pyramid at the angle of the Ascending Passage crosses Mount Sinai (Ten Commandments).
North Star Pointer:
The Descending Passage pointed to the pole star Alpha Draconis, circa 2170-2144 B.C. This was the North Star at that point in time. No other star has aligned with the passage since then.
The 344 ft. length of the Descending Passage provides an angle of view of only +/- 1/3 of a degree. Alpha Draconis has not been in alignment for thousands of years. The next alignment will be with the North Star, Polaris, in about 2004 A.D.
Polaris in Greek means Satan.
The southern shaft in the King's Chamber (45 deg, 00 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Al Nitak (Zeta Orionis) in the constellation Orion, circa 2450 B.C.
The Orion constellation was associated with the Egyptian god Osiris.
No other star aligned with this shaft during that Epoch.
The northern shaft in the King's Chamber (32 deg, 28 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Alpha Draconis, circa 2450 B.C.
The southern shaft in the Queen's Chamber (39 deg, 30 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Sirius, circa 2450 B.C. Sirius was associated with the Egyptian goddess Isis and is also part of a unique ceremony practiced by the African Dogon tribe.
The northern shaft in the Queen's Chamber (39 deg, 00 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Ursa Minor, circa 2450 B.C.
Pyramids mirror Orion Constellation The pyramid positions onthe ground are a reflection of the positions of the stars in the constellation Orion circa 10,400 B.C.
Five of the 7 brightest stars have pyramid equivalents: The 3 great pyramids of Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura for the belt of Orion, the pyramid of Nebka at Abu Rawash corresponds to the star Saiph, the pyramid at Zawat al Aryan corresponds to the star Bellatrix. The only two missing star positions are for Betelgeuse and Rigel.
Of the three pyramids, Cheops is the most significant because it contains a portal. In a fictionalized account of this, the movie Stargate, the portal links from the pyramid to some far planet.
[Stargate - TV series Stargate SG1 - SG - Sarced Geometry of our consciousness grid program.]
MISCELLANEOUS
The interior temperature at 62 degree Fahrenheit.
The pyramid is the only remaining structure of the 7 wonders of the ancient world.
The polished surfaces of the original mantle reflected heat, sunlight, and moonlight and was probably used as to aid Nile river navigation at night.
No mummy has ever been found in a pyramid in Egypt. Mummies have always come from mastabas or tombs in the Valley of the Kings.
The word Pharaoh is from the Hebrew interpretation of the Egyptian per aa, originally meaning the great house.
The word pyramid is composed of the Greek words pyra meaning fire, light, or visible, and the word midos meaning measures.
Between 1300-1700 A.D. mummy flesh was ground into powder and used in Europe as medicinal aids. Mummy powder has also been used for artist paints.
Mummy wrappings were at one time used to make paper and burned in fireplaces by poor Egyptians.
The pyramids of Giza are among the oldest man-made structures in existence.
Cleopatra was the last pharaonic ruler of Egypt before it fell to Rome in 30 B.C.
Initially, after the 5 chambers above the King's Chamber were opened, those that entered the 2nd chamber were turned black by a powder which existed only in that chamber. It was analyzed and determined to be the dust from the cast off shells and skins of insects.
Most pyramids were accompanied by smaller satellite pyramids usually built to the south and east of the main pyramid. Some were tombs for queens and princesses. Most of the structures were mastabas built to entomb the pharaoh's family, members of royalty, and the priestly class. In nearly all of the pyramids and tombs, it was a general practice that the burial chamber was oriented slightly west of the north/south center line of the pyramid.
In ancient Egypt, Pharaoh's wives were never buried with them in pyramids or tombs, they were buried separately.

Manoj Singh


I hope all you know about Manoj singh. He was in Kanpur since birth. He have completed his study from kanpur and he took his Master Degree(MCA) form Greater Noida and now he is in Noida working with a GIS Company INCA Informatics. Pvt Ltd.


He has completed his three year in INCA.

Tuesday, May 27, 2008

Do you want to Help Indians

Do you know the money which you spend in Parties/pubs and wondering the world can be utilized. Your money can help to someone life. If you are really interested please follow this link

http://www.giveindia.org/give/common/spotlight/articles/giftadonation.jsp

Struggling to find a UNIQUE & thoughtful gift?

Make a donation on behalf of your loved one and one needy child somewhere could get an education or a blind person gets to see.

When you gift a donation you pass on more than just money to the poor, you pass on the hope of life.

The person you are gifting to, receives an email informing him/her about your act of kindness.

What makes this the perfect gift is the feedback which both of you will receive a few months later. And as an added advantage you will receive a tax deduction certificate for the amount that you spent.

So, what are you waiting for....choose a donation for the perfect gift.

Bengali Babu Jayant Rai


Do You know who was Mr INCA at 2006. you guess right he was Mr Jayant Rai.

Monday, May 26, 2008

Gaurav Grigo



Gaurav Grigo is a young and dynamic guy for INCA. INCA is such a company where a fresher can start his carrer with lot of learning. He has learned a lot from INCA. He have shown his capabilities by fullfilling the jobs with full satisfaction. Following are good points of this guy
1. Young and Dynamic
2.Energetic
3.Always ready to learn
4.Great guy

I wish him a great success for his carrer.

Indian Television History

Television in India has been in existence for nigh on four decades. For the first 17 years, it spread haltingly and transmission was mainly in black & white. The thinkers and policy makers of the country, which had just been liberated from centuries of colonial rule, frowned upon television, looking on at it as a luxury Indians could do without. In 1955 a Cabinet decision was taken disallowing any foreign investments in print media which has since been followed religiously for nearly 45 years. Sales of TV sets, as reflected by licences issued to buyers were just 676,615 until 1977.

Television has come to the forefront only in the past 21 years and more so in the past 13. There were initially two ignition points: the first in the eighties when colour TV was introduced by state-owned broadcaster Doordarshan (DD) timed with the 1982 Asian Games which India hosted. It then proceeded to install transmitters nationwide rapidly for terrestrial broadcasting. In this period no private enterprise was allowed to set up TV stations or to transmit TV signals.

The second spark came in the early nineties with the broadcast of satellite TV by foreign programmers like CNN followed by Star TV and a little later by domestic channels such as Zee TV and Sun TV into Indian homes. Prior to this, Indian viewers had to make do with DD's chosen fare which was dull, non-commercial in nature, directed towardsonly education and socio-economic development. Entertainment programmes were few and far between. And when the solitary few soaps like Hum Log (1984), and mythological dramas: Ramayan (1987-88) and Mahabharat (1988-89) were televised, millions of viewers stayed glued to their sets

When, urban Indians learnt that it was possible to watch the Gulf War on television, they rushed out and bought dishes for their homes. Others turned entrepreneurs and started offering the signal to their neighbours by flinging cable over treetops and verandahs. From the large metros satellite TV delivered via cable moved into smaller towns, spurring the purchase of TV sets and even the upgradation from black & white to colour TVs.

DD responded to this satellite TV invasion by launching an entertainment and commercially driven channel and introduced entertainment programming on its terrestrial network. This again fuelled the purchase of sets in the hinterlands where cable TV was not available.

The initial success of the channels had a snowball effect: more foreign programmers and Indian entrepreneurs flagged off their own versions. From two channels prior to 1991, Indian viewers were exposed to more than 50 channels by 1996. Software producers emerged to cater to the programming boom almost overnight. Some talent came from the film industry, some from advertising and some from journalism.


More and more people set up networks until there was a time in 1995-96 when an estimated 60,000 cable operators were existing in the country. Some of them had subscriber bases as low as 50 to as high as in the thousands. Most of the networks could relay just 6 to 14 channels as higher channel relaying capacity required heavy investments, which cable operators were loathe to make. American and European cable networks evinced interest, as well as large Indian business groups, who set up sophisticated headends capable of delivering more than 30 channels. These multi-system operators (MSOs) started buying up local networks or franchising cable TV feeds to the smaller operators for a fee. This phenomenon led to resistance from smaller cable operators who joined forces and started functioning as MSOs. The net outcome was that the number of cable operators in the country has fallen to 30,000.

The rash of players who rushed to set up satellite channels discovered that advertising revenue was not large enough to support them. This led to a shakeout. At least half a dozen either folded up or aborted the high-flying plans they had drawn up, and started operating in a restricted manner. Some of them converted their channels into basic subscription services charging cable operators a carriage fee.

Foreign cable TV MSOs discovered that the cable TV market was too disorganised for them to operate in and at least three of them decided to postpone their plans and got out of the market..

The government started taxing cable operators in a bid to generate revenue. The rates varied in the 26 states that go to form India and ranged from 35 per cent upwards. The authorities moved in to regulate the business and a Cable TV Act was passed in 1995. The apex court in the country, the Supreme Court, passed a judgement that the air waves are not the property of the Indian government and any Indian citizen wanting to use them should be allowed to do so. The government reacted by making efforts to get some regulation in place by setting up committees to suggest what the broadcasting law of India should be, as the sector was still being governed by laws which were passed in 19th century India. A broadcasting bill was drawn up in 1997 and introduced in parliament. But it was not passed into an Act. State-owned telecaster Doordarshan and radiocaster All India Radio were brought under a holding company called the Prasar Bharati under an act that had been gathering dust for seven years, the Prasar Bharati Act, 1990. The Act served to give autonomy to the broadcasters as their management was left to a supervisory board consisting of retired professionals and bureaucrats.

A committee headed by a senior Congress (I) politician Sharad Pawar and consisting of other politicians and industrialist was set up to review the contents of the Broadcasting Bill. It held discussions with industry, politicians, and consumers and a report was even drawn up. But the United Front government fell and since then the report and the Bill have been consigned to the dustbin. But before that it issued a ban on the sale of Ku-band dishes and on digital direct-to-home Ku-band broadcasting, which the Rupert Murdoch-owned News Television was threatening to start in India. ISkyB, the Murdoch DTH venture, has since been wallowing in quicksand and in recent times has even shed a lot of employees. But News Corp has been running a C-band DTH venture in the country which has around 20,000 subscribers.

In 1999, a BJP-led government has been threatening to once again allow DTH Ku-band broadcasting and it has been talking of dismantling the Prasar Bharati and once again reverting Doordarshan's and All India Radio's control back in the government's hands. Some things change only to remain the same.

Arz Kiya Hai.

Badon ko pranaam dosto ko namskaar,
aaj mein apni ek nai gazal ke saath yahan haazir hu. ummid hai apka saath milega sada ki tarha....gour kijiye ji

Khaak me mil jayegi shaksiyat meri gar tu chala gaya, jiite ji mar jayegi JAAN ye teri gar tu chala gaya, NAA JANA CHHOD KE MUJHE KABHI...SAVAAL KARUNGI BAHOT GAR TU CHALA GAYA...HAA GAR TU CHALA GAYA

Bichad gai saanse meri, bina ruh tan chalu kaise,
khuda ne milaya tujhse, khuda se gila jatau kaise...

kured kured ke likha thha naam tera apne dil pe,
ab dil se naam mitau to akhir mitau kaise...

nishan baki hai ab bhi tere labo ke mere gaalo pe,
lahu bahake palkon se in galo ko neh'lau kaise...

jin raaton me shadiiik mahhobbat kii thhi tuune,
aaj un suunii raaton ko mein sulaau kaise...

panaahon me teri din biite umar guuzari,
fiir teri yaadon ko dil se bhuulau kaise...

in nigaaho me tassavur hai tera aaj bhi,
banaake ashq tujhe nigaho se giraau kaise...

bachaati rahi jiss chaman ko fiizao ke rukh se,
aaj usi chaman ko sehara me bahau kaise....

ba'basta rahi "POOJA" ki khushiya sadaa tujhse,
ab tu hi bataa zindagi pe apni kaffan bichhau kaise...

JAVAAB DE, AAKHIR MAHOBBAT APNI KABAR ME CHHOD AAU KAISE

How to dance programatically

Dim Manoj as HrithikRoshan
manoj=new HrithikRoshan()
GreatPerformance=manoj.Dance(AllSongs)
www.youtube.com/watch?v=gSmoX9kYe2I

Saturday, May 24, 2008

Play Your Music here



Top 50 Song of 2007


Main
Agar Kahoon
from Om
Shanti Om

Aaja
Nachle
from Aaja
Nachle

Ajab
Si
from Om
Shanti Om

Dard-E-Discofrom Om
Shanti Om

Jab
Se Tere Naina
from Saawariya
Saawariyafrom Saawariya
Take
Lite
from Nishabd
Jhoom
Barabar Jhoom
from Jhoom
Barabar Jhoom

Barso
Re
from Guru
Khoya
Khoya Chand
from Khoya
Khoya Chand

Mayyafrom Guru
Hey
Shona
from Ta
Ra Rum Pum

Ishq
Hua
from Aaja
Nachle

Masha
Allah
from Saawariya
Gumsum Hai
Dil Mera
from Kya
Love Story Hai

Yeh
Ishq Hai
from Jab
We Met

Tera
Mera Rishta
from Awarapan
Alvidafrom Life
In A Metro

Pyaar Ki
Yeh Kahani
from Honeymoon
Travels Pvt. Ltd.

It's
Rocking
from Kya
Love Story Hai

Hum
To Aise Hain
from Laaga
Chunari Mein Daag

Baatein
Hawa
from Cheeni
Kum

Mahiyafrom Awarapan
Mehboobafrom RGV
Ki Aag

Teri
Aankhein Bhool Bhulaiya
from Bhool
Bhulaiyaa

Move
Your Body
from Jhonny
Gaddaar

Chhabeelafrom Saawariya
Kiya
Kiya
from Welcome
Unke
Nashe Mein
from Shootout
At Lokhandwala

Cheeni
Kum
from Cheeni
Kum

Baatein
Kuch Ankahee Si
from Life
In A Metro

Dewewangi
Deewangi
from Om
Shanti Om

Mauja
Hi Mauja
from Jab
We Met

Tere
Bina
from Guru
Toh
Phir Aao
from Awarapan
Woh
Ajnabi
from The
Train

Ruk
Ja
from RGV
Ki Aag

Saathiyafrom Darling
You're
My Love
from Partner
Ticket
To Hollywood
from Jhoom
Barabar Jhoom

Naughty
Naughty
from Cash
Rabba
Khair Kare
from Hattrick
Hoth
Rasiley
from Welcome
Yeh
Nigaahe
from Khoya
Khoya Chand

Ae
Khuda
from Kya
Love Story Hai

Billo
Rani
from Dhan Dhana
Dhan Goal

Bol
Na Halke Halke
from Jhoom
Barabar Jhoom

Beete
Lamhein
from The
Train

Kholo
Kholo
from Taare
Zameen Par

Holifrom RGV
Ki Aag

Tashan Song

Tashan is a film by writer-director Vijay Krishna Acharya and stars Akshay Kumar, Anil Kapoor, Saif Ali Khan and Kareena Kapoor in the lead roles. Despite all the hype, Tashan has received pretty bad reviews. Apparently there is no content in it. Honestly, after I heard the emphasis on "ishtyle" in their promotional stuff, I wasn't expecting much myself either. Seems like Yash Raj Films are committed to continue producing crappy films.Lucky for us though, music of Tashan is composed by Vishal and Shekhar who are focussed on quality. There are a few of good songs, and there are a couple of songs for Sukhwinder fans. I hope you like the songs.
(Learn How to Convert RM to MP3)(Direct Link - Right click and choose 'Save Target As')
Dil Haara / Sukhwinder Singh
Pooja Ka Tashan / Kareena Kapoor
Chhaliya / Sunidhi Chauhan, Piyush Mishra
Jimmy Ka Tashan / Saif Ali Khan
Dil Dance Maare / Sukhwinder Singh, Sunidhi Chauhan, Udit Narayan
Bachchan Pande Ka Tashan / Akshay Kumar
Falak Tak / Udit Narayan, Mahalaxmi Iyer
Bhaiyyaji Ka Tashan / Anil Kapoor
Tashan Mein / Vishal, Salim

My USA Trip Photo Collection

http://www.turboupload.com/download/cnqM8Na6Mku6/16_december_photo.zip

Friday, May 23, 2008

Rahul Srivastava


Rahul Srivastava is the part of INCA. He is a dynamic and young guy for INCA. He is overloaded with GIS Technology. He has following attributes


1. Work is Worship

2. Hard Working

3. Always smiling


I wish him a great success with his carrer.

Health Benifits of Choclets

Heart Health Benefits of Dark Chocolate:
Dark chocolate is good for your heart. A small bar of it everyday can help keep your heart and cardiovascular system running well. Two heart health benefits of dark chocolate are:
Lower Blood Pressure: Studies have shown that consuming a small bar of dark chocolate everyday can reduce blood pressure in individuals with high blood pressure.
Lower Cholesterol: Dark chocolate has also been shown to reduce LDL cholesterol (the bad cholesterol) by up to 10 percent.

Thursday, May 22, 2008

Rajesh Negi



Rajesh Negi is my Teacher/Coach/Guru/Motivator/Consultant and a more then that. I respect him a lot. Since my First day at INCA he has given me a lot. When i as new in INCA, i was like a blank book. All the text/color/content are filled by Mr. Rajesh Negi. I am very thank full to him. I really acknowledge him. Thank you sir for being a wonderfull man in my life. He has given a lot to INCA. The project success gaurantee can be decided if it is in the hand of Mr Rajesh Negi.


"Anoop Mishra"




Anoop Mishra is a INCA Guy. He is from Allahabad/Pratapgarh. I have spend my most of the time with him. He has received a lot of appriciation from the first day at INCA. He is the talk of the town not only in india but in USA too. Some good points of Anoop's are


1. Caring Boy


2. Helping Nature.


3. Good Manager


"Jayant Rai"


Jayant rai is a senior guy of INCA. He have devoted his great carrer for the success of INCA. Now He is the hero of INCA. Some quality of Jayant ji are
1. Trully Leader
2. Analyzer
3. Catalyst
4. Problem Solving
I do not have any photo of Jayant ji alone so i am attaching Rai Family Photo.

Wednesday, May 21, 2008

LeaderShip Quality

A leader is someone who helps others do and become more than they ever thought possible. Leadership is about unlocking potential, whether individual potential or that of a group, company, or organization. It is not about telling people what to do, but inspiring them to see what they are capable of, then, helping them get there.
Leadership is a hot topic. An online search found 22 million Web site listings for the word "leadership." Why? Because good leadership gets things done. But the quality of leadership determines the difference between a team passionate about what they're doing versus one that is following orders.
Where You're Going
Effective leaders know what's important to them, what their strengths and weaknesses are, what drives them, and where to draw the line. Put it together and it boils down to a leader who has self-confidence and clear values.
Leadership Quality 1: Good leaders know themselves.
Knowing oneself is necessary when faced with challenges or ethical choices, communicating with those who have different ideas, making decisions, and identifying sources of satisfaction.
"We need to be clear about our own values, priorities, and preferences and not let someone else, or society, define them for us," said Marian Ruderman, a group director at the Center for Creative Leadership in Greensboro, North Carolina. "By clearly identifying those values, priorities, and preferences we can articulate what we want, develop benchmarks, and make better choices."
For Girl Scouts, the Promise and Law provide a solid foundation. That's why it is critical that every member start from the same basis. As Karen White, GSUSA Director of Volunteer Development and Diversity, explained: "The values of an individual must match the values of the Girl Scout Movement. We then encourage an individual's future growth through training, mentoring, and coaching."
It's by providing learning opportunities, both formal and informal, that Girl Scouts helps girls, volunteers, and staff members develop stronger self-awareness.
Willing to Commit
In addition to being self-aware, an effective leader is not afraid to take on responsibilities. Sometimes it requires putting the organization or group first—and keeping it there.
Cynthia Thompson, Chair, National Board of Directors, GSUSA, said, "I believe a lot of people understand what it means to be a leader, but the difference comes down to commitment. True leadership requires you to make sacrifices, including putting others before yourself."
Leadership Quality 2: Good leaders are committed.
"Sometimes our use of the word 'leadership' can put people off," said Gayle Davis, GSUSA Senior Director, Council Resource Development. "A potential volunteer may think 'I can't do that; I've no experience or qualifications.' When really what we're looking for is a mentor, a person who prompts others to be their best, someone who cares and listens, someone confident in her beliefs and is willing to be there."
What Gayle describes is a committed leader. For Girl Scouts, that means being committed to "inspiring girls with the highest ideals of character, conduct, patriotism, and service so that they may become happy and resourceful citizens" (as stated in the Blue Book of Basic Documents).
Spectacularly Unsuccessful
In his article, "Seven Habits of Spectacularly Unsuccessful Executives," which appeared in Fast Company magazine in July 2003, Sydney Finkelstein chronicles the characteristics of leaders who fail—not just ineffective leaders but those who have reversed the fortunes of thriving corporations. Which bad leaders placed high on this notorious list? According to Mr. Finkelstein, it's those individuals who think they have all the answers.
Leadership Quality 3: Good leaders know they don't know everything.
Believing that an effective leader is one who knows it all is one of the most dangerous misconceptions about leadership. Human frailty comes into play whether sitting in a cubicle or a corner office. So while the ultimate decision and responsibility may lie with one individual, it is incumbent upon her or him to gather information and trust others' points of view before developing a plan of action.
Cynthia Thompson reflected, "The most challenging element of leadership is to bring individuals together to move forward, but that's also the most rewarding. It's so wonderful when it does happen. To get there requires maturity to recognize that your way is never the only way."
A Place to Try
Girl Scouts offers girls and teenagers a safe environment to give leadership a try, to test and stretch themselves. Setting goals, planning trips and events, earning patches and awards, and organizing service projects, there's no limit to the experiences a Girl Scout can have.The critical component is girls doing it themselves, even if it means something does not get done or is done differently. For some adults, the latter is very difficult—especially those with tendencies towards perfectionism. But letting go is how mutual trust is built.
Leadership Quality 4: Good leaders are open to change.
Change is one of life's most obvious factors, yet remains one of the most strongly resisted. As Peter Senge, an expert on managing organizations, says, "Everything is in motion, continually changing, forever adapting." Effective leaders recognize the value of change.
Yet all too often, it's much more comfortable to ignore the inevitability of change and to keep things the way they've always been. Unless a leader's goal is to bankrupt a business or ensure no new members join an organization, that approach cannot work. Changes need to be anticipated and responded to if growth is going to continue. And that applies to minor changes, as well as major ones.
With Small Acts Come Big Things
There may be a time when one is called upon to take on challenges greater than one can ever imagine. Joan Weiner Jones, the current Overseas Committee Chair and leader of Junior Girl Scout Troops 1 and 17 in Kuwait can attest to that. This year, she and her volunteers have worked diligently to keep USA Girl Scouts Overseas active in the tumultuous Middle East. "Some of the small, effective acts of leadership are going the extra mile, when you think you can't," Joan wrote in an e-mail. "Setting the scene with small leadership acts gives you credence and respect when big things happen."
Leadership Quality 5: Good leaders go the extra mile.
Some leaders have a lifetime of small acts of leadership as extraordinary encouragers, strong organizers, good persuaders, or charismatic speakers. When it comes down to it, how we lead is a reflection of the characteristics and values that define who we are. As Juliette Low's brother, G. Arthur Gordon, told his audience at the 21st annual Girl Scout Convention in 1935, "Life revolves itself principally into what we do and what we are, the former largely controlled by the latter."

Abhishek Mishra


Abhishek Mishra is a part of INCA Family. Everyone Know how he handelled the project and moved the project in the way of success.


He is trully a leader, Anyone can beleive him blindly. One thing which i like that he takes responsiblity with full confidence and completion of Responsibility is the second quality of Abhishek. INCA need such a guy for his success. I wish him a Great success for his carrer.

Sukant Blana




Sukant blana is a talented software engineer of INCA. He has given a great support on the success of INCA. Some Good Points of Sukant are




1. Quality Work


2. Work Alcholic


3. Team Spirit


and many more. I wish him a great success in his carrer

Parenting: Communication Tips for Parents

Be available for your children• Notice times when your kids are most likely to talk--for example, at bedtime, before dinner, in the car--and be available.• Start the conversation; it lets your kids know you care about what's happening in their lives.• Find time each week for a one-on-one activity with each child, and avoid scheduling other activities during that time.• Learn about your children's interests--for example, favorite music and activities--and show interest in them.• Initiate conversations by sharing what you have been thinking about rather than beginning a conversation with a question.
Let your kids know you're listening• When your children are talking about concerns, stop whatever you are doing and listen.• Express interest in what they are saying without being intrusive.• Listen to their point of view, even if it's difficult to hear.• Let them complete their point before you respond.• Repeat what you heard them say to ensure that you understand them correctly.
Respond in a way your children will hear• Soften strong reactions; kids will tune you out if you appear angry or defensive.• Express your opinion without putting down theirs; acknowledge that it's okay to disagree.• Resist arguing about who is right. Instead say, "I know you disagree with me, but this is what I think."• Focus on your child's feelings rather than your own during your conversation.
Remember:• Ask your children what they may want or need from you in a conversation, such as advice, simply listening, help in dealing with feelings, or help solving a problem.• Kids learn by imitating. Most often, they will follow your lead in how they deal with anger, solve problems, and work through difficult feelings.• Talk to your children--don't lecture, criticize, threaten, or say hurtful things.• Kids learn from their own choices. As long as the consequences are not dangerous, don't feel you have to step in.• Realize your children may test you by telling you a small part of what is bothering them. Listen carefully to what they say, encourage them to talk, and they may share the rest of the story.
Parenting is hard work• Listening and talking is the key to a healthy connection between you and your children. But parenting is hard work and maintaining a good connection with teens can be challenging, especially since parents are dealing with many other pressures. If you are having problems over an extended period of time, you might want to consider consulting with a mental health professional to find out how they can help.
For additional copies of Communication Tips for Parents, call 1-800-268-0078.

Anger Management




We all know what anger is, and we've all felt it: whether as a fleeting annoyance or as full-fledged rage.
Anger is a completely normal, usually healthy, human emotion. But when it gets out of control and turns destructive, it can lead to problems—problems at work, in your personal relationships, and in the overall quality of your life. And it can make you feel as though you're at the mercy of an unpredictable and powerful emotion. This brochure is meant to help you understand and control anger.
What is Anger?
The Nature of Anger
Anger is "an emotional state that varies in intensity from mild irritation to intense fury and rage," according to Charles Spielberger, PhD, a psychologist who specializes in the study of anger. Like other emotions, it is accompanied by physiological and biological changes; when you get angry, your heart rate and blood pressure go up, as do the levels of your energy hormones, adrenaline, and noradrenaline.
Anger can be caused by both external and internal events. You could be angry at a specific person (Such as a coworker or supervisor) or event (a traffic jam, a canceled flight), or your anger could be caused by worrying or brooding about your personal problems. Memories of traumatic or enraging events can also trigger angry feelings.
Expressing Anger
The instinctive, natural way to express anger is to respond aggressively. Anger is a natural, adaptive response to threats; it inspires powerful, often aggressive, feelings and behaviors, which allow us to fight and to defend ourselves when we are attacked. A certain amount of anger, therefore, is necessary to our survival.
On the other hand, we can't physically lash out at every person or object that irritates or annoys us; laws, social norms, and common sense place limits on how far our anger can take us.
People use a variety of both conscious and unconscious processes to deal with their angry feelings. The three main approaches are expressing, suppressing, and calming. Expressing your angry feelings in an assertive—not aggressive—manner is the healthiest way to express anger. To do this, you have to learn how to make clear what your needs are, and how to get them met, without hurting others. Being assertive doesn't mean being pushy or demanding; it means being respectful of yourself and others.
Anger can be suppressed, and then converted or redirected. This happens when you hold in your anger, stop thinking about it, and focus on something positive. The aim is to inhibit or suppress your anger and convert it into more constructive behavior. The danger in this type of response is that if it isn't allowed outward expression, your anger can turn inward—on yourself. Anger turned inward may cause hypertension, high blood pressure, or depression.
Unexpressed anger can create other problems. It can lead to pathological expressions of anger, such as passive-aggressive behavior (getting back at people indirectly, without telling them why, rather than confronting them head-on) or a personality that seems perpetually cynical and hostile. People who are constantly putting others down, criticizing everything, and making cynical comments haven't learned how to constructively express their anger. Not surprisingly, they aren't likely to have many successful relationships.
Finally, you can calm down inside. This means not just controlling your outward behavior, but also controlling your internal responses, taking steps to lower your heart rate, calm yourself down, and let the feelings subside.
As Dr. Spielberger notes, "when none of these three techniques work, that's when someone—or something—is going to get hurt."
Anger Management
The goal of anger management is to reduce both your emotional feelings and the physiological arousal that anger causes. You can't get rid of, or avoid, the things or the people that enrage you, nor can you change them, but you can learn to control your reactions.
Are You Too Angry?
There are psychological tests that measure the intensity of angry feelings, how prone to anger you are, and how well you handle it. But chances are good that if you do have a problem with anger, you already know it. If you find yourself acting in ways that seem out of control and frightening, you might need help finding better ways to deal with this emotion.
Why Are Some People More Angry Than Others?
According to Jerry Deffenbacher, PhD, a psychologist who specializes in anger management, some people really are more "hotheaded" than others are; they get angry more easily and more intensely than the average person does. There are also those who don't show their anger in loud spectacular ways but are chronically irritable and grumpy. Easily angered people don't always curse and throw things; sometimes they withdraw socially, sulk, or get physically ill.
People who are easily angered generally have what some psychologists call a low tolerance for frustration, meaning simply that they feel that they should not have to be subjected to frustration, inconvenience, or annoyance. They can't take things in stride, and they're particularly infuriated if the situation seems somehow unjust: for example, being corrected for a minor mistake.
What makes these people this way? A number of things. One cause may be genetic or physiological: There is evidence that some children are born irritable, touchy, and easily angered, and that these signs are present from a very early age. Another may be sociocultural. Anger is often regarded as negative; we're taught that it's all right to express anxiety, depression, or other emotions but not to express anger. As a result, we don't learn how to handle it or channel it constructively.
Research has also found that family background plays a role. Typically, people who are easily angered come from families that are disruptive, chaotic, and not skilled at emotional communications.
Is It Good To "Let it All Hang Out?"
Psychologists now say that this is a dangerous myth. Some people use this theory as a license to hurt others. Research has found that "letting it rip" with anger actually escalates anger and aggression and does nothing to help you (or the person you're angry with) resolve the situation.
It's best to find out what it is that triggers your anger, and then to develop strategies to keep those triggers from tipping you over the edge.
Strategies To Keep Anger At Bay
Relaxation
Simple relaxation tools, such as deep breathing and relaxing imagery, can help calm down angry feelings. There are books and courses that can teach you relaxation techniques, and once you learn the techniques, you can call upon them in any situation. If you are involved in a relationship where both partners are hot-tempered, it might be a good idea for both of you to learn these techniques.
Some simple steps you can try:
Breathe deeply, from your diaphragm; breathing from your chest won't relax you. Picture your breath coming up from your "gut."
Slowly repeat a calm word or phrase such as "relax," "take it easy." Repeat it to yourself while breathing deeply.
Use imagery; visualize a relaxing experience, from either your memory or your imagination.
Nonstrenuous, slow yoga-like exercises can relax your muscles and make you feel much calmer.
Practice these techniques daily. Learn to use them automatically when you're in a tense situation.
Cognitive Restructuring
Simply put, this means changing the way you think. Angry people tend to curse, swear, or speak in highly colorful terms that reflect their inner thoughts. When you're angry, your thinking can get very exaggerated and overly dramatic. Try replacing these thoughts with more rational ones. For instance, instead of telling yourself, "oh, it's awful, it's terrible, everything's ruined," tell yourself, "it's frustrating, and it's understandable that I'm upset about it, but it's not the end of the world and getting angry is not going to fix it anyhow."
Be careful of words like "never" or "always" when talking about yourself or someone else. "This !&*%@ machine never works," or "you're always forgetting things" are not just inaccurate, they also serve to make you feel that your anger is justified and that there's no way to solve the problem. They also alienate and humiliate people who might otherwise be willing to work with you on a solution.
Remind yourself that getting angry is not going to fix anything, that it won't make you feel better (and may actually make you feel worse).
Logic defeats anger, because anger, even when it's justified, can quickly become irrational. So use cold hard logic on yourself. Remind yourself that the world is "not out to get you," you're just experiencing some of the rough spots of daily life. Do this each time you feel anger getting the best of you, and it'll help you get a more balanced perspective. Angry people tend to demand things: fairness, appreciation, agreement, willingness to do things their way. Everyone wants these things, and we are all hurt and disappointed when we don't get them, but angry people demand them, and when their demands aren't met, their disappointment becomes anger. As part of their cognitive restructuring, angry people need to become aware of their demanding nature and translate their expectations into desires. In other words, saying, "I would like" something is healthier than saying, "I demand" or "I must have" something. When you're unable to get what you want, you will experience the normal reactions—frustration, disappointment, hurt—but not anger. Some angry people use this anger as a way to avoid feeling hurt, but that doesn't mean the hurt goes away.
Problem Solving
Sometimes, our anger and frustration are caused by very real and inescapable problems in our lives. Not all anger is misplaced, and often it's a healthy, natural response to these difficulties. There is also a cultural belief that every problem has a solution, and it adds to our frustration to find out that this isn't always the case. The best attitude to bring to such a situation, then, is not to focus on finding the solution, but rather on how you handle and face the problem.
Make a plan, and check your progress along the way. Resolve to give it your best, but also not to punish yourself if an answer doesn't come right away. If you can approach it with your best intentions and efforts and make a serious attempt to face it head-on, you will be less likely to lose patience and fall into all-or-nothing thinking, even if the problem does not get solved right away.
Better Communication
Angry people tend to jump to—and act on—conclusions, and some of those conclusions can be very inaccurate. The first thing to do if you're in a heated discussion is slow down and think through your responses. Don't say the first thing that comes into your head, but slow down and think carefully about what you want to say. At the same time, listen carefully to what the other person is saying and take your time before answering.
Listen, too, to what is underlying the anger. For instance, you like a certain amount of freedom and personal space, and your "significant other" wants more connection and closeness. If he or she starts complaining about your activities, don't retaliate by painting your partner as a jailer, a warden, or an albatross around your neck.
It's natural to get defensive when you're criticized, but don't fight back. Instead, listen to what's underlying the words: the message that this person might feel neglected and unloved. It may take a lot of patient questioning on your part, and it may require some breathing space, but don't let your anger—or a partner's—let a discussion spin out of control. Keeping your cool can keep the situation from becoming a disastrous one.
Using Humor
"Silly humor" can help defuse rage in a number of ways. For one thing, it can help you get a more balanced perspective. When you get angry and call someone a name or refer to them in some imaginative phrase, stop and picture what that word would literally look like. If you're at work and you think of a coworker as a "dirtbag" or a "single-cell life form," for example, picture a large bag full of dirt (or an amoeba) sitting at your colleague's desk, talking on the phone, going to meetings. Do this whenever a name comes into your head about another person. If you can, draw a picture of what the actual thing might look like. This will take a lot of the edge off your fury; and humor can always be relied on to help unknot a tense situation.
The underlying message of highly angry people, Dr. Deffenbacher says, is "things oughta go my way!" Angry people tend to feel that they are morally right, that any blocking or changing of their plans is an unbearable indignity and that they should NOT have to suffer this way. Maybe other people do, but not them!
When you feel that urge, he suggests, picture yourself as a god or goddess, a supreme ruler, who owns the streets and stores and office space, striding alone and having your way in all situations while others defer to you. The more detail you can get into your imaginary scenes, the more chances you have to realize that maybe you are being unreasonable; you'll also realize how unimportant the things you're angry about really are. There are two cautions in using humor. First, don't try to just "laugh off" your problems; rather, use humor to help yourself face them more constructively. Second, don't give in to harsh, sarcastic humor; that's just another form of unhealthy anger expression.
What these techniques have in common is a refusal to take yourself too seriously. Anger is a serious emotion, but it's often accompanied by ideas that, if examined, can make you laugh.
Changing Your Environment
Sometimes it's our immediate surroundings that give us cause for irritation and fury. Problems and responsibilities can weigh on you and make you feel angry at the "trap" you seem to have fallen into and all the people and things that form that trap.
Give yourself a break. Make sure you have some "personal time" scheduled for times of the day that you know are particularly stressful. One example is the working mother who has a standing rule that when she comes home from work, for the first 15 minutes "nobody talks to Mom unless the house is on fire." After this brief quiet time, she feels better prepared to handle demands from her kids without blowing up at them.
Some Other Tips for Easing Up on Yourself
Timing: If you and your spouse tend to fight when you discuss things at night—perhaps you're tired, or distracted, or maybe it's just habit—try changing the times when you talk about important matters so these talks don't turn into arguments.
Avoidance: If your child's chaotic room makes you furious every time you walk by it, shut the door. Don't make yourself look at what infuriates you. Don't say, "well, my child should clean up the room so I won't have to be angry!" That's not the point. The point is to keep yourself calm.
Finding alternatives: If your daily commute through traffic leaves you in a state of rage and frustration, give yourself a project—learn or map out a different route, one that's less congested or more scenic. Or find another alternative, such as a bus or commuter train.
Do You Need Counseling?
If you feel that your anger is really out of control, if it is having an impact on your relationships and on important parts of your life, you might consider counseling to learn how to handle it better. A psychologist or other licensed mental health professional can work with you in developing a range of techniques for changing your thinking and your behavior.
When you talk to a prospective therapist, tell her or him that you have problems with anger that you want to work on, and ask about his or her approach to anger management. Make sure this isn't only a course of action designed to "put you in touch with your feelings and express them"—that may be precisely what your problem is. With counseling, psychologists say, a highly angry person can move closer to a middle range of anger in about 8 to 10 weeks, depending on the circumstances and the techniques used.
What About Assertiveness Training?
It's true that angry people need to learn to become assertive (rather than aggressive), but most books and courses on developing assertiveness are aimed at people who don't feel enough anger. These people are more passive and acquiescent than the average person; they tend to let others walk all over them. That isn't something that most angry people do. Still, these books can contain some useful tactics to use in frustrating situations.
Remember, you can't eliminate anger—and it wouldn't be a good idea if you could. In spite of all your efforts, things will happen that will cause you anger; and sometimes it will be justifiable anger. Life will be filled with frustration, pain, loss, and the unpredictable actions of others. You can't change that; but you can change the way you let such events affect you. Controlling your angry responses can keep them from making you even more unhappy in the long run.

Sunday, May 18, 2008

Sudar Jahan Mera

Main , Meri Preeti aur TajMahal What a great and unique combination.

Shaurya Aur Gaurav

The Smile war between Shaurya and Gaurav.


Thursday, May 15, 2008

INCA in USA














































Manoj Singh In USA at Anjeeya House.